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Ancient Rome SOL WHI.6 WHI.6A The city of Rome, with its central location on the Italian peninsula, was able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin. How was geographic location important to economic, social, and political development of ancient Rome? WHI.6A Location and Place Rome—centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin & distant from eastern Med. powers Italian Peninsula Alps—protection Mediterranean Sea—protection & sea-borne commerce Persian Empire around 500 B.C. What mountain range lies here? What city is this? What sea is this? What colony is this? ROMAN MYTHOLOGY Roman mythology, like Greek mythology, was based upon a polytheistic religion that was integral to culture, politics, and art. Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Roman mythology. Questions What was the source of Roman mythology? What impact did Roman mythology have on later civilizations? WHI.6B Mythology (cont.) Based on Greek polytheistic religion Explanation of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events Roman gods and goddesses Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus Symbols and images in literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics January Januarius Month of Janus-god of gates & doorways, depicted with two faces looking in opposite directions February Februarius Month of Februa-Roman festival of purification March Martius Month of Mars-was the original beginning of the year & the time for resumption of war April Aprilis Month of Aphrodite-Greek goddess of love & beauty May Maius Month of Maia-goddess of spring June Junius Month of Juno July Julius Julius Caesar reformed the Roman calendar and named this month after himself August Augustus Emperor Augustus named this month after himself September September Seventh month October October Eight month November November Ninth month December December Tenth month Show What You Know! Match the following Roman gods/goddesses with his/her Greek counterpart (equal): 1. Minerva A. Zeus 2. Apollo B. Aphrodite 3. Diana C. Athena 4. Juno D. Hera 5. Jupiter E. Apollo 6. Venus F. Artemis Show What You Know! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Who is the ROMAN goddess of love, beauty, & desire? Who is the ROMAN goddess of chastity; often associated with the moon? Who is the ROMAN god of light and healing? Who is the ROMAN goddess of wisdom? Who is the chief god in ROMAN mythology? Who is the protectress of marriage and childbirth? Timeline 1000-500 B.C Three groups on the Italian peninsula (Greeks, Latins, Etruscans) 753 B.C.—(legend) Rome founded by Romulus and Remus 600 B.C.—Etruscan king comes to power (cities expands) 509 B.C—Tarquin the Proud was driven from power (last king; Romans declared they would never again be ruled by a king and swore to put to death anyone who plotted to make himself king) 509 B.C.—Republic forms 451 B.C.—Twelve Tables created 390 B.C.—Rome sacked by the Gauls 265 B.C.—Romans controlled most of Italy; continue to expand power far beyond Italy for the next 250 years Roman Republic Although women, most aliens (non-Romans living in the Republic), and slaves were excluded from the governing process, the Roman Republic made major strides in the development of representative democracy, which became a foundation of modern democracy. How did the government of the Roman Republic become more democratic in its decision making? WHI.6C Social Structure in the Roman Republic Patricians—powerful nobility; owned land (few in number) Plebeians—majority of population (farmers, artisans, and merchants) Slaves—not based on race WHI.6C Citizenship Patrician and plebeian men Selected foreigners Rights and responsibilities of citizenship: pay taxes serve in the military Features of Democracy Representative democracy Controlled army, taxes, etc. but usually did what Senate wanted Senate Representatives make decisions in govt. Consuls WHI.6C Men from wealthy families; elected for life Assemblies Adult, male, Romans; responsible for voting; made decisions about war; elected consuls, Senators, etc. Set up so that richer people had more votes than poorer people Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables The Roman Republic Thought Questions In what ways was the power of the two consuls limited? 2. Why was a dictator chosen to head the government in times of emergency? 3. The govt of the US has a president, Congress, and Supreme Court. Explain one way that the American govt is like the ancient Roman govt and one way that it is different. 4. In your opinion, what was the most important power of the consuls? The Senate? The Assembly? 1. Twelve Tables Activity Read the Twelve Tables 1. Which of these laws do you disagree with the most? 2. Are there any of these laws that you think you need more information for understanding? 3. Which of these laws seems strange in today’s world? 4. It is from these laws that the principle of “innocent until proven guilty” is originated. From which of these laws do you think that principle is derived? Ancient Rome: The Punic Wars and the Evolution of the Roman Empire After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able, over the next 100 years, to dominate the Mediterranean Basin, leading to the diffusion of Roman culture. Why was Rome able to conquer Carthage and then go on to extend its influence across the entire Mediterranean basin and much of Western Europe? WHI.6D,E Punic Wars: Rome versus Carthage (264-146 BC) Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade Hannibal invaded the Italian peninsula Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome 1. Do you think Hannibal lived up to the oath he took at age 9? EXPLAIN 2. Was Hannibal’s plan to invade Italy a good or bad idea? Give a reason for your answer. 3. If you had been faced with the decision of joining either the army of Carthage or the army of Rome at the beginning of the Second Punic War, which one would you have chosen? Why? 4. It can be said that “Hannibal won many battles but lost the war.” Does this mean that he was a failure? Why or why not? 5. In your opinion, what were the 3 most important qualities or abilities that made Hannibal one of history’s greatest generals? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What sea was most important to Rome? What mountain range was north of Rome and provided it with protection? Chief god? Goddess of wisdom? God of light and healing? When did the Roman Republic form? What is a republic? What three groups of people made up Roman society? What is Rome’s law code? WHI.6E **DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC** Why did the Roman Republic fail to survive the challenges by Julius Caesar? WHI.6E Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic Spread of slavery in the agricultural system (latifundia) Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation Julius Caesar F.Y.I. Came from a patrician family Distinguished military & political careers Held several important govt. positions (including consul & First Triumvirate) Conquered Gaul & fought in Britain Very popular among the people of Rome Senate HATED him because he was “stealing” their power (they also despised his affair w/ Cleopatra) Assassinated March 15, 44 B.C. by 20+ stab wounds (killed by Senators) The Public Reaction! Newspapers of Rome give different opinions about the murder… The Roman Times “A Great loss” Julius Caesar, conqueror of Gaul and Britannia has been murdered. No longer can Rome call upon her greatest son to lead us to more victories and further glory. This day shall long be remembered as one of the saddest in Rome's Glorious history. The Daily Parchment “New Hope” Rome has been given a new hope of lasting peace and democracy following the brave actions of an unknown killer. Julius Caesar's plans to become king have finally been stopped by the courageous act of this unknown activist. No longer will Romans have to wake in fear of another tyranny, Rome is once again free to be ruled by the Senate and can again look brightly towards her future. Caesar Choice Menu Complete ONE of the following: 1. Word “Autopsy” of Caesar…draw a chalk outline of Caesar’s body…then attach a meaningful label to the important parts (brain, eyes, mouth, hands, feet, heart, etc…example: for his hands list his major accomplishments) 2. Biography…research biographical information (year of birth, place of birth, family info, accomplishments, info about his death) and organize it into a short essay or informative poster 3. Pictorial Timeline of Caesar’s life…choose 6 events from his life…arrange them in chronological order and include an illustration for each event…the use of color on your timeline is expected 4. Write an original poem 8-12 lines long about the life of Caesar 5. Opinion: write a short newspaper article that expresses your opinion about the death of Caesar (was he a hero or a villain??? Is this a tragic day or a day to celebrate???) Explain your opinion thoroughly. You can write this in essay form or use construction paper to make it look like a newsletter…illustrations are a plus WHI.6e,f,g The emergence of Imperial Rome The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and economic conditions, succumbed to civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire. Evolution of the Roman Empire and spread of Roman culture Mediterranean Basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Med.) Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles) Julius Caesar added these areas!!! Land gained during Punic Wars!!! The origin and evolution of Imperial Rome 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. First triumvirate: Caesar, Crassus, & Pompey Julius Caesar: his seizure of power and assassination Augustus Caesar (Rome’s first emperor): civil war, defeat of Marc Antony The Empire: unified and enlarged; use of imperial authority and the military **Failure to provide for peaceful succession of emperors Antony vs. Octavian • Disliked Octavian so he spent his time in the East • Caesar’s nephew and chosen heir • Married Octavian's sister but lived with Cleopatra in Egypt; had several children • Used Antony's affair with Cleopatra to turn Senate against him • Died from wounds sustained in battle w/ Octavian’s forces • Became Rome's 1st emperor Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire by instituting civil service, rule by law, a common coinage, and secure travel throughout the Empire. Following Augustus Caesar, the Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. The Pax Romana 1. Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule 2. Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East Economic impact of Pax Romana Established a uniform system of currency which helped to expand trade 2. Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads 3. Promoted prosperity and stability 1. Social impact of Pax Romana 1. Returned stability to social classes 2. Increased emphasis on family Political impact of Pax Romana 1. Created a civil service 2. Developed a uniform rule of law RAP Read pages 173-176 in your textbook… Answer the following question completely: Why did the Roman EMPIRE collapse? The decline of the Roman Empire Over a 300-year period, the western part of the Roman Empire steadily declined because of internal and external problems. Reasons for decline in the Western Roman Empire Economy—the cost of defense and devaluation of Roman currency Military—Army membership included invaders, resulting in decline of discipline Moral decay—People lost faith in Rome and the family Political problems—Civil conflict and weak administration Invasion—Attacks along the borders Division of the Roman Empire 1. Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople (modern day Istanbul, Turkey) 2. Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 A.D. when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor 3. Eastern Roman Empire established as the Byzantine Empire Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire SHOW WHAT YOU KNOW!!! FROM MEMORY…recall the events that led to the downfall of the Roman EMPIRE Then summarize the things you can recall into one or two well-written sentences. Write your sentence(s) on an index card using YOUR BEST HANDWRITING (other people will read this) DO NOT PUT YOUR NAME ON IT!!! * ** * * ** * * * * Colosseum Page 166 •Started by Emperor Vespasian; construction from 72-81 A.D. •Made from stones & concrete •Held 45-50,000 people Arches Once the center of political power in Rome. Forum Page 142 Pantheon Place to worship Roman gods. Aqueducts page 167 Water Roads Used stone, gravel, and sand Built by the army Surviving road in the UK Roads Ptolemy—Ptolemaic Map Believed the Earth was the center of the Universe. (Geocentric Theory) Medicine/Public Health • Public Baths / Toilets • Sewers • Doctors / Medicines / Schools Language • Latin: – recorded many important works of literature & history in Latin (translated from Greek); including the Bible (pg. 165) – Basis for Romance Languages—Italian, French, Spanish, etc.; many English words come from Latin (ex: ‘salve” = hello; in the English you have a salutation; salute; salutatorian; etc.) • Virgil – poet who wrote the Aeneid (equivalent of Homer’s Iliad or Odyssey) (pg. 165) Commonly Used Latin Phrases: • • • • • • • • a priori - from what comes before ad hominem - according to the person ad infinitum - going on forever ad interim - for the meantime ad locum - at the place ad nauseam - to the point of making one sick addendum - an item to be added advocatus diaboli - devil's advocate (Someone takes a position solely for the sake of a discussion or argument.) • agenda - things to be done • Audio, video, disco. - I hear, I see, I learn. Commonly Used Latin Phrases: • Carpe diem. - Seize the day • causa mortis - cause of death • Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. • “It is sweet and honorable to die for one's country." (Horace) • Dum spiro, spero. - While I breathe, I hope. • et cetera (etc.) - and the rest or and so on • exempli gratia (e.g.) - for the sake of example (for example) • Exit - He/she leaves. • per diem - daily • rigor mortis - the rigidity of death • satis – enough • versus (vs.) - against Religion • Roman Mythology (page 151) • Christianity (page 153-156) Law Code • Twelve Tables (page 167) – Principle of “Innocent Until Proven Guilty” – Placed in the Forum