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Warm-Up January 25, 2017 When a trait or characteristic occurs in several or more members of a family, it is said to “run in the family”. What do you think is meant by this expression? What are some traits that run in your family? Genetics part 1 ■ Genetics is the study of heredity or how characteristics are passed from parents to offspring Genetics part 1 ■ Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, used pea plants to study heredity. Genetics part 1 Genetics part 1 ■ Mendel found that each trait is controlled by a gene on homologous chromosomes. ■ Genes come in pairs: – Each gene has two copies – Each copy is called an allele Genetics part 1 allele – one copy of a gene. ■ Genes are represented by letters, like “A” each allele is either “A” or “a.” Homozygous – both alleles are the same (AA or aa). Heterozygous – the two alleles are different (Aa). Turn-n-Talk ■ What is the difference between an allele and a gene? – Sentence stem: The difference between an allele and a gene is that an allele is ________________, while a gene is ______________________. ■ How do you get one allele from each parent? – Sentence stem: You get one allele from each parent by…….. Genetics part 1 Homozygous or Heterozygous? Heterozygous ■ Aa _____________ Homozygous ■ RR _____________ Heterozygous ■ Tt ______________ Heterozygous ■ Pp ______________ Homozygous ■ YY ______________ Genetics part 1 During sex, dad gives one allele and mom gives the other. Punnet Square – shows all the possible allele combinations. Genetics part 1 A Punnet Square A a A a A a AA Aa Aa aa a Genetics part 1 – How to set up a Punnett square Step 1: draw a 4-square grid Genetics part 1 – How to set up a Punnett square Step 2: Put the alleles of one parent across the top and those of the other parent down the left side Example: if mom is RR and dad is rr , the setup would be: r R R r Genetics part 1 – How to solve a Punnett square Step 3: fill in the boxes by copying the row and column-head letters across or down into the empty squares. Genetics part 1 – How to analyze a Punnett square ■ The probability that the offspring will be Rr is 100% (4/4). ■ The probability that the offspring will be rr or RR is 0% (0/4). R R r r Rr Rr Rr Rr Now, try by yourself ■ Set up and solve a punnet square if one parent is Bb and the other parent is bb. b B b Bb Bb b bb bb The probability that the offspring will be Bb is 50% or 2/4. The probability that the offspring will be bb is 50% or 2/4. Carousel Activity 10 points per question (You can get up to 120 points!) Closure Complete a punnet square for parents who are both heterozygous for the “B” gene.