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What is Biochemistry? Why should you study it? Biochemistry is the study of life on a molecular level Biochemistry is a Research Discipline Applicable to Real World Medicine – Clinical • Diagnose and monitor diseases – Transaminase levels – Hemoglobin breakdown product – bilirubin – Measure isoforms of Lactate dehydrogenase to determine extent of myocardial infarctions • Designer Drugs – New and Improved antibiotics – New and Improved chemotherapy agents • Protein Diseases Agriculture • Herbicides and Pesticides • Transgenic crops Industry • Synthesis • Detoxification Biochemistry can be divided into three areas of study • • • • • • Conformational - structure and three-dimensional arrangements of biomolecules. Metabolism – energy production and utilization Informational - language for communication inside and between cells Biochemistry 410 covers – The structure and conformation of biological molecules – The DNA → RNA → protein transfer of information Biochemistry 411 covers – Metabolism and the metabolic aspects of cellular communication Biochemistry 303 covers – It all in one semester Biochemistry seeks to describe the structure, organization, and function of living organisms in molecular terms In order to understand the life on the molecular level, you must first have a: • Knowledge of the chemical structures of the biological molecules • Understanding of the biological function of the molecules • Understanding of bioenergetics – the study of energy flow in cells The Chemical Composition of Biomolecules H, O, C and N make up 99+% of atoms in the human body ELEMENT PERCENTAGE Oxygen 63 Hydrogen 25.2 Carbon 9.5 Nitrogen 1.4 • Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen comprise over 99% of the mass in most cells • These elements are the backbone of biomolecules because they are capable of forming strong covalent bonds Chemical Reactions that occur inside the cell are the same that occur outside the cell Biomolecules are Carbon Compounds or Organic Compounds • • • Carbon atoms can from single, double and triple bonds More importantly, a single carbon atom can form single bonds with up to four other carbon atoms Covalently linked carbon atoms can form linear chains, branched chains and cyclic structures Covalent bonds are the “glue” that holds compounds together Functional Groups • Groups of other atoms that are attached to the carbon backbone • Determine the chemical properties / diversity of the biomolecules an alkene CH 3 CH= CH2 an alcohol CH 3 CH2 OH an ether CH 3 OCH3 an amine ( CH 3 ) 2 N H a thiol CH 3 CH2 SH O an aldehyde CH 3 CH a ketone O CH 3 CCH3 a carboxylic acid O CH 3 COH a carboxylic e ster O CH 3 COCH 3 O an amide CH3 CNH 2 O a phosphoric ester HO- P-OCH3 a phosphoric acid anhydride OH O O HO- P-O- P-OH OH OH Basic Structure of Biomolecules Large Biomolecules are generally polymers of simpler biomolecular units or micromolecules Biological Micromolecules • Nucleotide • Amino acid • Carbohydrate • Lipid Biological Macromolecules • Nucleic Acids • Proteins • Polysaccharides Biological Micro-molecules → Macromolecules Organelles, cells and organisms Biomolecules tend to cluster together, forming increasing more complex structures • • • • • Cell membranes - lipid/protein Chromatin - DNA/protein Ribosomes - RNA/protein Cytoskeleton - fibrous protein structure Viruses - assemblages of a DNA or RNA strand wrapped in a protein package Organelles, cells and organisms Prokaryotes - Bacteria Simplest Living System • Prokaryotes are unicellular • Prokaryotes generally have one cellular membrane. • The interior is known as the cytoplasm. Eukaryotes • Eukaryotes are multicellular • Organelles Biochemist are concerned everything! Biochemist look at • The atomic level • The structural level • The cellular level • The role of the cell in the organism • Communication – Cell to cell – Biomolecule to biomolecule • Metabolic coordination