Download Figure 1-1 - Berry College

Chapter 1
Chemistry 341
Suroviec Fall 2013
I. Biochemistry Introduction
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Study of how life processes result from the interaction of lifeless molecules
II. Biological Structures
A.
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Chemical Foundations
Living things are only made of a few elements
B. Organic Chemistry
1.
Most molecules in a living cell belong to one of a few structure classes
2.
Chemical reactivity of biomolecules is limited relative to the reactivity of all organic compounds
Table 1.1 Common
functional groups and
linkages in
biochemistry.
C. Major Biomolecules
4 major groups
1. amino acids
2. carbohydrates
3. nucleotides
4. lipids
1. Amino Acids
2. Carbohydrates
3. Nucleotides
4. Lipids
D. Major Biological Polymers
•
•
Organisms contain macromolecules that may consist of thousands of atoms
Built from smaller units
D. Major Biological Polymers
1.
Proteins
2.
Nucleic acids
D. Major Biological Polymers
3. polysaccharides
II. Energy & Metabolism
•
•
Activities of organisms constantly demand energy
Study of energy = thermodynamics
A. 1st Law
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Energy is conserved and cannot be created or destroyed
Universe is made of 2 parts
B. 2nd Law
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Entropy tends to increase
Spontaneous processes are characterized by conversion of order to disorder
C. 3rd Law and Gibbs Free Energy
Entropy of perfect crystal is zero at 0K
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For spontaneous process
DH <0
DS >0
DG < 0 (free energy must be negative)
2. Why is life thermodynamically possible?
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Must be thermodynamically spontaneous
Many cells have DG > 0 when tested alone, but are spontaneous in the body – how is that
possible?
D. Equilibrium equation
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Relating Gibb’s Free energy to equilibrium