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Chapter 1 Chemistry 341 Suroviec Fall 2013 I. Biochemistry Introduction • Study of how life processes result from the interaction of lifeless molecules II. Biological Structures A. • Chemical Foundations Living things are only made of a few elements B. Organic Chemistry 1. Most molecules in a living cell belong to one of a few structure classes 2. Chemical reactivity of biomolecules is limited relative to the reactivity of all organic compounds Table 1.1 Common functional groups and linkages in biochemistry. C. Major Biomolecules 4 major groups 1. amino acids 2. carbohydrates 3. nucleotides 4. lipids 1. Amino Acids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Nucleotides 4. Lipids D. Major Biological Polymers • • Organisms contain macromolecules that may consist of thousands of atoms Built from smaller units D. Major Biological Polymers 1. Proteins 2. Nucleic acids D. Major Biological Polymers 3. polysaccharides II. Energy & Metabolism • • Activities of organisms constantly demand energy Study of energy = thermodynamics A. 1st Law • • Energy is conserved and cannot be created or destroyed Universe is made of 2 parts B. 2nd Law • • Entropy tends to increase Spontaneous processes are characterized by conversion of order to disorder C. 3rd Law and Gibbs Free Energy Entropy of perfect crystal is zero at 0K • For spontaneous process DH <0 DS >0 DG < 0 (free energy must be negative) 2. Why is life thermodynamically possible? • • Must be thermodynamically spontaneous Many cells have DG > 0 when tested alone, but are spontaneous in the body – how is that possible? D. Equilibrium equation • Relating Gibb’s Free energy to equilibrium