Download Slide 1 - Oceanside Moodle

Macromolecules are the large organic
molecules found in living organisms
The four types of macromolecules
are:
1) carbohydrates
2) lipids
4) proteins
3) nucleic acids
Organic compound – molecule containing
the elements carbon
and hydrogen
Inorganic compound – molecule that does
not contain both
carbon and
hydrogen atoms
Contain the elements:
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Example:
glucose = C6H12O6
The building blocks
of carbohydrates
are sugars
Sugars usually end in
the suffix ( - ose )
Types of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides – simple
sugars made of one molecule of
a sugar
Example:
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Disaccharides – two simple sugar
units linked together
maltose
Polysaccharides – several sugar
units linked together starch (amylose)
How are these sugars linked together?
Dehydration synthesis – the
process where two molecules
are connected by the removal
of water
+
+ H2O
Notice where the water
molecule can be formed by
removing two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom !
(Dehydration)
removal
of water
(Synthesis)
to build
Water is made in this process !!
Hydrolysis – the process of adding
water to break apart a molecule
(Hydro) - (lysis)
water
to break down
(splitting)
Water is used in
this process
What are carbohydrates used
for in living organisms?
1) Energy
Starch – glucose molecules linked
together (energy storage for
plants)
Glycogen – glucose molecules linked
together (energy storage for
animals)
2) Structure
Cellulose – major
component of cell walls,
made from linked glucose
molecules
Lipids
The common names for lipids are:
fats, oils, waxes
Made of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen molecules
Fats and oils are made of fatty acids
bonded to a glycerol molecule
Draw a fat molecule below:
glycerol
fatty acid
fatty acid
fatty acid
Outside
of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
channel
Phospholipids are one
glycerol molecule and
two fatty acids
Lipid bilayer
Fatty acids are bonded to the glycerol
molecule by the process of dehydration
synthesis
Q: How many water
molecules are created
when one fat molecule is
synthesized?
A: Three (one from each
connected fatty acid)
glycerol
OH
OH
OH
HO
fatty acid
HO
fatty acid
HO
fatty acid
Do you see where the three
water molecules come from??
What are lipids used for?
1) Energy – more energy can be
stored in lipids than in
carbohydrates
2) Structure – all cell membranes
are made of lipids
Note: All cells have
cell membranes!
Proteins
Proteins are made of amino acids
Amino acids are bound together
by the process of dehydration
synthesis and are broken down by
the process of hydrolysis.
These bonds that are made
between amino acids are
called peptide bonds
This is why proteins are
called polypeptides
I don’t care for
crackers.
What are proteins
used for?
All enzymes are made of proteins
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes are responsible for
controlling the rate of both
dehydration synthesis
reactions and hydrolysis
reactions
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids include
DNA and RNA molecules
Nucleic acids are made
up of nucleotides
Nucleotides are made up of a sugar, a
phosphate group, and a base
The Three parts
of a Nucleotide
nitrogenous
base
phosphate group
sugar
A
T
C
G
T
A
G
C
Nucleotides are
linked together to
create DNA and
RNA