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Aim: What was the purpose of the Crusades?
I. Causes for the Crusades
a. 1071 the Holy Land is conquered by the Seljuk Turks
b. Byzantine Emperor calls of the Pope for help
c. 1095 Pope Urban II calls for the crusades or holy wars
d. Pope Urban II hoped to use this to reunite the eastern and western empires
e. The main goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Land
II. Why did people join?
a. The Pope guaranteed them all salvation
b. The promise of glory, land and riches
c. Took away the taxes of the poor
III. The Crusades
a. First Crusade: 1096
 They had no knowledge of climate, geography or supply lines
 small army reached Jerusalem
 This was the only successful crusade
 1099 captured Jerusalem and crusader states Edessa, Tripoli and Antioch
b. Problems after and during the Crusades
1. The Crusaders ran out of fresh water
2. Disease, Heat stroke and dysentery effected soldiers
3. drank urine, animal blood or sewage water
c. Second Crusade
a. Muslim leader Saladin captured Jerusalem
d. Third Crusade
1. Richard the Lionhearted, Frederick Barbarossa and King Phillip Augustus attempted to
regain Holy Land
2. Phillip went home,
3. Frederick drowned
4. Only Richard the Lionhearted stayed to fight Saladin
5. Truce was signed in 1192 which allowed Christians to visit the Holy Land
e. Fourth Crusade
1. 1202-1204
2. Traders crusade because merchants join
3. Sack Constantinople, taking the relics of the saints and all the wealth from the city
4. Constantinople never recovers
f. Children’s Crusade
1. ***(JUST A STORY not in notes) He told his followers waters would part and they would walk
across as they were protected by God.
2. Thousands die from starvation and drowning
3. Some are captured and sold into slavery
4. No child from this crusade reached the Holy Land
g. Later Crusades
 The Fifth through Eighth crusades were failures
Aim: What was the purpose of the Crusades?

Holy Land was never reconquered
IV. Why did the Crusades Fail?
a. No supreme commander
b. Poor tactics and poor military
c. Lack of geographic knowledge
d. They refused Byzantine help
e. Lack of supplies
f. Muslims were much stronger than anticipated
What was the legacy of the Crusades?
V. Results of the Crusades
a. Cultural Diffusion
b. economic growth and rise in education
c. people now focused on reason rather than faith
d. New knowledge about geography and terrain
e. Scholasticism: the use of reason to deepen the understanding of what is believed on faith to give
a rational content to faith.
f. New goods such as spices, sugar, paper and other luxury items like furs, silk, perfumes, and
gunpowder
g. Increased the power of European monarchs
h. Political power increased within the Catholic Church
i. New ideas were exchanged which gave birth to great cities that flourished in trade, arts,
literature, mathematics, sciences and medicine
j. Italian city-states like Venice and Genoa became trading cities
k. New social classes: middle class, merchant bankers
l. This marked the end of the European Middle Ages