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Name ____________Study Guide 2016 Evolution- Bio H Book chapters 14, 15, 16 and 17; notes, labs, packets Formation of the Earth 1. Identify major events that led to the formation of the Earth. 2. How do the major land masses change over time – Continental Drift and Plate tectonics 3. What is spontaneous generation? Describe the experiments of three scientists whose work disproved the possibility of abiogenesis. 4. Summarize the results of experiments Miller and Urey on formation of organic compounds 5. Describe probable characteristics of the first cells. 6. Describe endosymbiotic theory. 1 Name ____________Ideas Relating to Evolution 6. Describe theories of: Hutton/Lyell Malthus 7. Compare theories of evolution of Lamarck Darwin 8. Identify how the following plays a role Darwin’s ideas on Natural Selection a. Overproduction of offspring b. Competition c. Variation in a Species d. Survival of the Fittest e. Descent with Modification 9. Explain how natural selection leads to development of adaptations in a species. 10. Explain what Darwin meant by the “Principle of Common Descent”. 2 Name ____________Changing a population 11. Draw graphs to represent the following effects of natural selection on a population and explain them: Directional selection Stabilizing selection Disruptive/diversifying selection 12. What is meant by a gene pool? 13. How would you determine the frequency of an allele in a population? Phenotypic frequency? 14. Do evolutionary pressures act on phenotypes or genotypes? Explain. 15. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem: Define genetic equilibrium what factors must be stable in order for a population to be in genetic equilibrium? 3 Name ____________Evidence of evolution 15. Which lines of evidence were traditionally used to determine evolutionary relationships, and which are used as a basis for cladistics (cladogram)? 16. Explain how each of the following are used to provide evidence of evolutionary relationships: Fossil record Comparative anatomy – o Homologous structures vs. analogous o Vestigial structures Biogeography Embryology Molecular/Biochemical 17. Explain convergent evolution and analogous structures. 18. Explain adaptive radiation and give an example. 4 Name ____________The Origin of Species 19. Provide the biological definition of a species. 20. What is required for speciation to occur? 21. List mechanisms that help to keep species separate when they inhabit the same area. 22. How can genetic drift alter populations without natural selection? 23. Where do new alleles come from in a population? 24. Compare (and draw!) Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium. Give an example of each. 25. Explain how a cladogram represents evolutionary relationships. (What are the derive traits on the cladogram below?) Derived traits – with each new derived trait, all organisms above the derived trait will share that trait 5