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IMMUNOLOGY
BASIC IMMUNOLOGY
IMMUNE PATHOLOGY
Árpád Lányi
Department of Immunology
LSB 2.201
[email protected]
IMMUNOLOGY COURSE
26 LECTURES
11 SZEMINARS/PRACTICALS
2 lectures/week
Weeks 1-13
1 class/week
Weeks 1-11
BASIC IMMUNOLOGY and
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
DEMO
1. BASIC + SEMINARS
2. PATHOLOGY + PRACTICALS
BOOKS
Peter Parham: The immune system (Garland Science)
3rd Edition 2009
Rosen F., Geha R.: Case Studies in Immunology
(Garland Publishing) 5th Edition 2009
Abbas A.K., Lichtman A.H., Pillai S.: Cellular and Molecular
Immunology (Elsevier,Saunders Company) 7th Edition 2010
www.immunology.unideb.hu
Username: student
PASSWORD: download
IMMUNOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
BASIC
CLINICAL
ALLERGOLOGY
CELL BIOLOGY
GENETICS
BIOCHEMISTRY
BIOPHYSICS
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
IMMUNE DEFICIENCIES
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
AUTOIMMUNITY
TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY
TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY
Immunitas – exemption from service or duty
Immunological memory
Thucydides, historian, Athen
430 B:C. plague
„yet it was with those who recovered from the disease that the sick and the
dying found most compassion……. No fear for themselves; as no man was
never attacked twice – never at least fatally”
FIRST VACCINATION
Edward Jenner 1749 – 1823
Immunity (protection) can be induced (cowpox - smallpox)
In 1979, after 3 years in which no case of
smallpox was recorded, the World Health
Organization announced that the virus had
been eradicated.
Louis Pasteur
1880 rabies, 1887 Pastuer Institute
Immunization with attenuated pathogens
Emil Adolf von Behring
1890 Antitoxins, serum therapy
1. Many disease occurs only once (natural protection)
2. Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination
3. The blood contains anti-bacterial activity (anti-toxins, serum therapy)
1884 Ilya Mechnikoff
Phagocytosis
Intestinal bacteria, yoghurt
Paul Ehrlich
1900 Side chain theory
Cell protoplasm contains special side chains to which the toxin binds.
If the organism survives the effects of the toxin, the blocked side-chains are
replaced by new ones. If there is a surplus of side chains they can also
be released into the blood as antibodies..
MILESTONES OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH I.
YEAR
NAME
DISCOVERY
NOBEL
PRIZE
1890
Emil von Behring
Anti-toxins
Serotherapy (diphteria)
1901
1890
Robert Koch
Tuberculosis, anthrax
Cellular immunity, tuberculin reaction
1905
1883
Elie Mecsnyikov
1908
1900
Paul Ehrlich
Phagocytosis, inflammation
Cellular protection
Side chain theory
1902
Charles Richet
(Paul Portier)
Anaphylaxis
1913
1894
Jules Bordet
Complement
Antibodies/bacteriolysis
1919
1900
Karl Landsteiner
A/B/0 blood groups - serology
1930
1940
Max Theiler
Vaccine against yellow fever
1951
Daniel Bovet
Anti-histamines, treatment of allergy
1957
MILE STONES OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH II.
1944
Peter Medawar
Macfarlane Burnet
Acquired tolerance
Clonal selection theory
1960
1959
Rodney Porter
Gerald Edelman
Antibody structure
1972
Rosalyn Yalow
Roger Guillemin
Andrew Schally
Radioimmunoassay
Peptide hormon production in
brain
1977
1958
Baruj Benacerraf
Jean Dausset,
George Snell
Histocompatibility antigens
1980
1975
George Köhler
Cesar Milstein
Niels Jerne
Monoclonal antibody
1984
Susumi Tonegawa
Gene rearrangement
1987
E. Donnall Thomas
Joseph Murray
Transplantation immunology
1990
Rolf Zinkernagel, Peter
Doherty
MHC restriction
1996
1979
1974
Network theory
MILE STONES OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH III.
Avram Hershko
Protein degradation, antigen
presentation
2004
Bruce Beutler, Jules
Hoffmann,
Ralph Steinman
Activation of innate immunity
2011
GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
GENERAL FEATURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. STRUCTURE – various cell types, diffuse
Cell communication
Th
Partners
Mode
macrophage
– direct
B
pathogen
– soluble factors
extracellular matrix
macrophage
Cell – to – cell
communication
2. ACTION – dynamic
Homeostasis – environmental factors
Adhesion
Homing
Migration
neutrophil
Replacement vs death
Activation vs differentiation
Endothelial cell
3. FUNCTION
Inflammed
tissue
4. SPECIAL FEATURES
Recognition – self - antigen - danger
Defense against pathogens
Recognize, prevent spread, clear from the body
Signal processing and transduction
Signal storage – learning, memory
Protection of self
SIMILARITIES TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CELLULAR INTERACTIONS AND COMMUNICATION IN THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT
IMMUNE
CELL
Indirect cellular
interactions
Soluble molecules
Cytokines, chemokines
IMMUNE
CELL
OTHER
CELL TYPES
Direct cellular
interactions
Receptor – ligand
Adhesion
Signal transduction
ENVIRONMENT
How immune cells communicate?
Soluble mediators
Infection
CYTOKINES & CHEMOKINES
Phagocyte
activation
INFLAMMATION
Diverse collection of soluble proteins
made by cells that affect the
behaviour of other cells. The balance
& level of cytokines and chemokines
secreted affects the outcome of the
response
Early events involve endothelial cells and result in the
accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins & leucocytes.
Later events involve the activation and maturation of
lymphocytes and granulocytes.
How immune cells communicate?
Cell-cell contact
Peripheral lymphoid tissues trap antigen-containing phagocytic cells
and concentrate cells together to promote cell-cell contact.
Cell-cell contact occurs at many stages of immune responses.
Killing
CTL
Target cell
T
Y
Antigen
presentation
B
T
Ab production
Accessory cell activation
How immune cells communicate?
Cell surface molecules mediate cell-cell contact
Resting cells
Activated cells
INDUCED
UPREGULATED
Expression and level of expression controls cell-cell adhesion
Activation can induce expression.
Cell adhesion, migration, antigen specificity, antigen presentation,
costimulation, helper function, effector function.
Cell surface molecules influenced by activation include cytokine receptors.