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ATPase BY: ANDREA K. http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v8/n11/images/nrm2 272-f1.jpg http://jeb.biologists.org/content/212/11/1604/F1.large.jpg Proteins Constructed: One or more unbranched chains of amino acids in a precise sequence that allow it Insert picture to fold up into its particular shape Synthesis: accomplished through a process called translation. After DNA is transcribed into a messenger RNA molecule during transcription, the mRNA must be translated to produce a protein. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png Every function in a living cell depends on proteins http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26911/ http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Proteins.html Enzymes Function as catalysts in which speed up chemical reactions Major types in the human body: Digestive, Metabolic, and food enzymes The active site has a specific shape that fits with certain substrates or reactants. Function to alter the chemical bonds in the substrates, causing the form of a new bond, which creates a new molecule. After the enzymes function to create products, they return to their original shapes. Insert picture http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab /Inducedfit080.png/350px-Inducedfit080.png http://www.wisegeek.com/how-do-enzymes-function.htm#didyouknowout ATP ATP Adenosine Triphosphate High-energy molecule that drives cellular reactions Considered the energy currency of life; the most commonly used "energy source" of cells for most organisms. It is present in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of every All physiological mechanisms that require energy for operation obtain it directly from stored ATP Insert picture(s) http://keepinapbiologyreal.wikispaces.com/file/view/atp.jpg/199338498/atp.jpg http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html ATPase It is an enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of ATP to ADP, with a free phosphate ion Function: Imports the metabolites necessary for cell metabolism and releases toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellular processes. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistrygeneral-organic-andbiological/section_23/7129ad4acf8ba59772ab4d1faac5783f.jpg ATPase Structure Blue, Pink, and Tan-> represent the subunits also the polypeptide chains The twirled strands -> represent alpha helices http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?uid=114002 ATPase #2 History: Discovered by Jens Christian Skou in 1957 ATPase is found in eubacterial, archaebacterial, and eukaryotic species In a large number of cellular processes, such as protein degradation, vesicle fusion, cell cycle control, and cellular secretory processes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/che mistry/laureates/1997/skou.jpg ATPase #3 Used for: Imports the metabolites necessary for cell metabolism and releases toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellular processes. Mainly eukaryotic purposes. BUT, other categories of transmembrane ATPase include co-transporters and pumps. Some cause a net flow of charge, but others do not. These are called "electrogenic" and "nonelectrogenic" transporters. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase http://www.cvphysiology.com/Arrhythmias/A007b.htm Reaction it catalyzes It is an enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of ATP to ADP, with a free phosphate ion http://highered.mcg rawhill.com/sites/0072 495855/student_vie w0/chapter10/anim ation__breakdown_ of_atp_and_crossbridge_movement_ during_muscle_cont raction.html http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/digestion-chemistry/scimedia/images/unlocking-atp-energy/489218-1-eng-NZ/Unlocking-ATP-energy.jpg Video of ATP -> ADP https://www.inkling.com/read/marks-medical-biochemistry- lieberman-marks-4th/chapter-19/figure-19-4 Environmental Factors Increase or decrease in pH Presence of inhibitors Temperature increase or decrease http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/165/1001/497.abstract http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/ Video and Quiz! http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/animation__br eakdown_of_atp_and_crossbridge_movement_during_muscle_contraction.html