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Amanda Robinson Dr. Rosan Senior Seminar January 31st, 2017 Chemistry 150 Atoms, Molecules, Ions – fundamentals of elements o Protons, electrons and neutrons make up an atom o Atoms make up molecules, all matter is made of atoms o Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, and electrons are buzzing outside the nucleus around the nucleus in orbitals o # of protons defines an element, # of protons = atomic # o # of neutrons and electrons can change o Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged, neutrons are neutral o The charge on an ion is equal in magnitude to the number of electrons gained to reach a full octet (8 valence electrons) o Elements in groups 1,2,13 and 14 form cations (positively charged ion) o Elements in groups 15, 16 and 17 form anions (negatively charged ions) o Most transition metals form cations of various charge Trends in Periodic Table – trends of elements to predict formation of bonds o Counting valence electrons, electron configuration o Atomic radii increases to the left and down o Electron Affinity/Ionization Energy and electronegativity increases going up and to the right Types of Bonds – must know which bond types can form and how o Covalent o Ionic o Molecular o Bond order # of bonding e- - # of antibonding e-/2 Stoichiometry – must be able to balance reactions for any use in a reaction o Balancing equations o Limiting reagent: reactant that determines how much of the products are made o Percent yield = actual yield/theoretical yield Types of Chemical Reactions – rearrangement of atoms for synthesis o Oxidation Reduction Reaction CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O C is oxidized, reducing agent O2 is reduced, oxidizing agent o Precipitation Reaction AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl(s) o Double Replacement Reaction BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) o Single Replacement Reaction 2AgNO3(aq)+Cu(s)Cu(NO3)2(aq)+Ag(s) o Neutralization Reaction HF(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O+NaF(aq) Amanda Robinson Dr. Rosan Senior Seminar January 31st, 2017 Learning Outcomes Know the charges of the particles that make up an atom Be able to determine the number of neutrons in an isotope of an element Be able to determine where each type of particle resides in an atom Know the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight and the units for each Be able to define an element by the number of protons Identify a molecular, ionic or covalent bond and rationale Balance an equation for all types of reactions Draw a Lewis structure for any molecule and find bond order Be able to determine each type of reaction and show an example of each type of reaction Determine an ion or polyatomic ion from a neutral atom or molecule and the charge each carries Be able to determine the limiting reagent and theoretical yield to find the percent yield Determine an unknown amount of reactant or product given the values of all other reactants and products Know the difference between an empirical formula, molecular formula and structural formula Recognize the trends on the periodic table for electron configuration, electron affinity, ionization energy, electronegativity and atomic radii