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Ancient Rome and Early Christianity Chapter 6 Pages 138-169 The Romans Create a Republic Section 1 141-145 The Beginnings of Roma • Rome is founded at a strategic location on the Italian peninsula – Had good fertile soil • Latins, Greeks, & Etruscans settle Roman territory & bring new religious, technical, and cultural ideas from the Greeks & Etruscans – Greeks settled in the south – Etruscans in the north – Romans adopted the Etruscans alphabet, their use of the arch, and their religious ideas The early Republic • The Romans establish a republic run by patricians, with plebeians having little real power – Patricians – wealth landowners, who held the most power – Plebeians – common farmers, who made up the majority of the population – Tribunes protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials • The Twelve Tablets state that all free citizens should be protected by the law – Written laws to protect the plebeians • The republic is governed by two consuls, a senate, and a council of assemblies; in times of crisis the republic appoints a dictator – Consuls were elected each year, had to wait 10 years to be reelected – Senate had 100 members from the upper classes, job was to pass laws • The Roman army is a key factor in the rise of Rome – All citizens who own land had to serve – Legions was made up of 5000 foot soldiers – Divided up into centuries of 80 men Rome Spreads its Power • Rome conquers nearly all of Italy & begins to build its empire • Rome establishes a rich trading network but is challenged by Carthage, its main rival • In the Punic Wars, Rome defeats Carthage & dominates the Mediterranean – Fought three wars • First for the control of Sicily & the western Mediterranean • Second Hannibal defeated Romans • Third, Scipio defeated Hannibal and captured Carthage The Roman Empire Brings Change Section 2 Pages 146-152 Expansion Creates Problems in the Republic • Rome’s class inequities lead to the republic’s downfall – Rich sought for greater power while the poor rebelled – Rich landowners seized land from farmers while they were at war • Two brothers Tiberius and Gaius attempt to pass reforms for the poor while on the Tribune and were opposed and killed The Republic Collapses • Julius Caesar emerges as a dictator whose reforms and ambitions alarm the ruling class – Caesar, Crassus & Pompey ruled Rome as a triumvirate – Pompey and Caesar conflict led to a Civil war and Pompey troops fled – Caesar governs as a absolute ruler • Help poor by creating jobs • Caesar’s death signals the end of the republic, and Octavian becomes Rome’s first emperor – Caesar's nephew Augustus took over the government of Rome A Vast and Powerful Empire • For over 200 years, Rome enjoys a time of peace & prosperity known as Pax Romana based on Agriculture & trade – 60 to 80 million enjoyed peace & prosperity – Farming employed 90% of all workers – Trade brought in silk from China • By making provincial soldiers Roman citizens, the army helps to spread the Roman way of life – Recruited troops from conquered people, once finished they were Roman Citizens • Augustus establishes a civil service to administer the empire – Paid people to manage the affairs of the government • Rome’s prosperity & peace depend on the orderly transfer of power Life in Imperial Rome • Although men control family affairs, men and women are nearly equals – Women ran the household, could own property and speak in court • Education is reserved for upper class boys & not offered to girls or children of the poor • Rome adopts many Greek deities & create a strong link between religion & Government – Honored powerful gods & goddesses through rituals; emperor worship part of official religion; many followed Asian religions • To control the poor, Rome offers food & public spectacles Changes in Rome Rise of Christianity Section 3 Pages 153-157 Jews Come Under Roman Rule • Although some Jews rebel under Roman rule, others look for a Messiah to free them – Roman take over Jews land – Many Jews wanted to rid their land of the Romans – Other hoped for the coming of the Messiah – the savior which was promised by God – Messiah would restore the kingdom of the Jews The Life and Teachings of Jesus • Jesus preaches a new testament; his apostles spread his teachings – At age 30, Jesus began to travel the countryside preaching his messages of the love of God – He performed many miracles – Taught remission of sins – Many thought of him as the long-awaited Messiah Christianity Spreads Through the Empire • Christianity slowly spreads throughout the empire • The apostle Paul helps make Christianity more universal • After the Zealot revolt, the Romans destroy Jerusalem & drive most Jews from Judea • Christianity becomes a powerful new religion & spreads beyond the empire The Decline of the Roman Empire Section 4 Pages 158-162 A Century of Crisis • Rome suffers an economic and military decline – Trade suffers do to raiders – Supply of gold & silver went down & prices increased – Food supply decreased due, poor soil, warfare & high taxes on foods produced on farms • People’s loyalty & service to the empire decrease, only the armies remain active in politics – Roman generals fought one another for for control of the empire Emperors Attempt Reform • Diocletian institutes many reforms, creating an Eastern & Western Empire, but to ensure orderly succession • Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, shifting the center of power east Invaders Overrun the Western Empire • Internal and Economic problems & invading tribes bring down the Western roman Empire – German tribes moved into the empire trying to escape fierce warriors – Attila and the Huns invaded from the west • Although Rome’s power is gone, its cultural heritage endures Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization Section 5 Pages 164-167 The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization • The mixing of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture produces Greco-Roman culture • Roman fine arts and literature follow Greek forms but express roman virtues – Greek provided model for fine art of sculpture – Romans created realistic portraits in stone Roman Achievements • Latin remains the language of learning long after Rome falls • Roman achievements in architecture, engineering, and technology still influence modern construction – Introduced arch, dome, and concrete; built Colosseum and other massive structure; built bridges, aqueducts, & extensive network of roads • Roman standards of justice become the basis for many legal systems in the world – – – – Equal treatment before the law All person considered innocent until proven guilty Person punished for actions not thought Unfair laws set aside Accomplishments of Roman Culture