Download Section 1 Workbook Unit 1 ANSWERS File

Section 1 Workbook (units 1, 2 & 3) a
1) Use the following diagram to explain homeostasis.
Name: ANSWER KEY ___________ B2. Describe the characteristics of water and its role in biological systems
2) Use the following diagram to label the dipoles and types of bonds within and between the molecules.
3) Describe how water acts as a...
solvent
The negative “O” attracts and pulls on the positive part of the polar / ionic
molecules while positive “H” attracts and pulls on the negative part of the
polar / ionic molecules
temperature
regulator
Water has a high specific heat capacity, which means the temperature of
water is raised or lowered slowly – good for evaporative cooling.
lubricant
Surface tension and polarity of water keeps joints sliding / moving easily
Page 1 of 10 4) Draw a diagram that clearly shows how the polarity of the water molecule results in hydrogen
bonding. Explain how this occurs clearly.
Oxygen is larger and can therefore, pull electrons towards it (away from the hydrogen). This creates 2 areas of different charge. The H+ of one water molecule will bond with the O of another water molecule due to the attractive forces of the opposite charges. B3. Describe the role of acids, bases, and buffers in biological systems
5) Describe the main distinguishing feature of each:
A substance that dissociates into H+ in water. It has an excess of H+
acids
ions
A substance that dissociates into OH- in water. It has an excess of OHbases
ions
A substance that resists pH change by absorbing H+ or OH- to prevent
buffers a change in pH.
6) Why is pH important to biological systems?
Because certain substances of the body need a certain pH to work properly ex) enzymes have a
specific pH they work at.
B4. Analyze the structure and function of biological molecules.
7) Use this diagram to show the relationship between: organic monomers, polymers,
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Explain the relationships.
Organic Monomers
Water
Water
Polymer Page 2 of 10 Complete the following flowchart (vocab listed at the bottom).
water Carbon solvent cohesion Carbohydrates glucose Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Fatty acids & glycerol Amino acids nucleotides polymers polymers polymers Page 3 of 10 Complete the table.
CARBOHYDRATES
Main
functions
Empirical
formula:
Energy source, cell recognition, support/structure in plant cell wall, & energy storage
(CH2O)n
disaccharide
monosaccharide
Example(s)
Glucose
Maltose
polysaccharides
Cellulose
Starch
Structure
Function(s)
Short-­‐term energy source Short-­‐term energy source Strength in cell wall of plant -­‐ Provides animals with fibre Long-­‐term energy in plants Long-­‐term energy in animals (liver) Glycogen
Page 4 of 10 8)
Complete the following table.
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Is it digestible in
humans?
Yes
Yes
No
Describe the
branching (if any)
Few or no brances
Highly branced
No brances
(alternating bonds)
Glucose
Glucose
Glucose
Plants
Animals
Plants
Name of monomer
Produced in plants or
animals?
LIPIDS:
9)
Which is the unsaturated fatty acid and which is the saturated one? How do you know?
Saturated because no
C=C bonds
10)
Complete the following table:
Structure
State at room temperature
Common name
Source (where found)
Examples
11)
Unsaturated because
C=C bonds
Saturated Fat
Unsaturated Fat
Long hydrocarbon chains
with only C-C single bonds
Long hydrocarbon chains
with at least one C=C double
bond
Solid
Fats
Animals
Butter, lard
Liquid
Oils
Plants
Any vegetable oil
What is meant by the term neutral fat?
Non-polar fat (equally charged and no dipoles)
Page 5 of 10 12) Complete the following table:
LIPIDS
T y pe
Location
Function and
interaction with water
(if any)
Structure
Label: glycerol & fatty acids
Hydrophobic
Triglyceride
Fatty acids
Fats/oild
glycerol
The two molecules listed below are the
same. Label: Glycerol, saturated fatty acid,
unsaturated fatty acids, and phosphate.
Main component of cell
membrane
Phospholipid
Cell
Membrane
Hydrophic tail and
hydrophilic head
Steroid
13)
Horomones
Hydrophobic
cholesterol
What is the structural difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?
Triglycerides = 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids (E shaped) Phospholipids = 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids & 1 phosphate (one fatty acid of triglceride has been replaced by a phosphate group Page 6 of 10 14)
Complete the following table:
PROTEINS
Main functions
and chemical
composition:
Structural, transport, enzymes, immunity, movement
Amino acids joined together with peptide bonds.
Structure
Draw & label: amino group, acid (carboxyl group) & the R-group
Generalized
amino acid
Circle the peptide bond & describe how it forms
Dipeptide
Forms by dehydration
synthesis between the amino
group of one AA and the acid /
carboxyl group of another AA
Highlight the peptide bonds
Level of
protein
structure?
primary
Peptide bonds only Name these structures.
Polypeptides
Peptide and H-­‐bonds Level of
protein
structure?
Secondary
How is each
level unique?
Level of
protein
structure?
Tertiary
Peptide, H-­‐bonds & covalent bonds Level of
protein
structure?
Quatern
ary
Peptide, H-­‐bonds, covalent and ionic bonds Page 7 of 10 15)
What process is occuring in the following diagram. Dehydration Synthesis Label each
component and the peptide bond.
Amino acid 16)
amino acid dipeptide Label the following parts of this amino acid.
Amine Group acid group (carboxylic acid) Functional or R Group 17)
Explain the significance of the R-group labeled in the diagram below:
R-group always contains different molecules for each of the 20
different amino acids. Everything else is this monomer will be the
same.
18)
How are amino acids joined together?
By dehydration synthesis (like any monomer) which forms a new peptide bond
19)
What is meant by denaturation? What causes denaturation?
Denaturation is the disruption of the shape of a protein (ex. frying an egg). Caused
by high temperatures, non-optimal pH, exposure to heavy metals (e.g Mercury) or
exposure to pesticides.
NUCLEIC ACIDS:
20)
Explain complementary base pairing.
Complementary base pairing refers to the relationship between bases in DNA.
Adenine (A) always base pairs with thymine (T) and Guanine (G) always base pairs with
cytosine (C).
A with T
C with G
Page 8 of 10 21)
Complete the following table:
NUCLEIC ACIDS
nucleotide
B S Highlight & label
the 3 parts
DNA
Sugar? Deoxyribose
Sugar? Ribose
Phosphate? Yes or no
Phosphate? Yes or no
Name the nitrogenous bases?
Name the nitrogenous bases?
A, T, G, C
Name
Sugar-­‐
phosphate backbone RNA
A, U, G, C
Structure
Function
Label: sugar-phosphate backbone, base, hydrogen bonding,
Circle one nucleotide & beside this diagram, draw the double helix.
Name this
polymer.
Stores genetic info.,
code, and controls cell
activities
DNA
Complementary base
pairing = bases that
always pair up (purine
with pyrimidine) A with
T & G with C.
Label: sugar-phosphate backbone & the 4 bases in the molecule
4 bases are in black
3 functions
… for now, just know
that the functions are
all involved in Protein
Synthesis (building
proteins)
Name this
polymer.
RNA
Sugar phosphate backbone
Label each of the following:
Ribose (Sugar) Where is this molecule
made and how is it
used?
Phosphates Name this
polymer.
ATP
Adenine (a base) High energy bond Made in the
mitochondrion
= energy currency
of cells when
hydrolysis occurs
to break off 3rd
phosphate group to
release energy.
Page 9 of 10 What is the functional and structural relationship between ADP and ATP?
• ATP (stored energy) → ADP + P + energy •
When ATP loses its last phosphate, much energy is released and what is left is ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) Page 10 of 10