Download AP Macromolecule Notes 09

Carbohydrates*
Activity 3E
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Building Blocks: monosaccharides (simple sugars)
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Characteristics:
o General formula: CH2O
o 5 & 6 sided ring structure
o Most end in –ose
o Hydroxyl –OH & Carbonyl C=O groups
o Range from simple to complex, Almost all are hydrophilic
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Groups
o Monosaccharide* (glucose, fructose)
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Fuel for cell work; quick energy, Used in cellular respiration to make ATP (energy)
o Disaccharide (lactose, sucrose)
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Transport sucrose in plants; energy transport
o Polysaccharide* (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
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Store energy: starch* in plants & glycogen* in animals
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Structural: cellulose in plants, chitin in animals
Lipids* Activity 3F
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Building Blocks: glycerol & fatty acids
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Characteristics: C & H linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, Hydrophobic (water fearing)
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Groups
o Fats (triglyceride*)
o Uses: energy storage, cushion organs, insulation, membranes
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Saturated Fat*
▫ Maximum amount of hydrogens, No double bonds
▫ Solid at room temp; butter
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Unsaturated Fat*
▫ Does not have the maximum amount of hydrogens, Has
double bonds
▫ Liquid at room temp; oils
o Phospholipid*
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Glycerol, 2 fatty acids & a phosphate group
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Cell membranes; lecithin
o Waxes: FA, + alcohol, Coatings on leaves and fruits, Beeswax
o Steroids: 4 fused rings + C Skeleton, Membranes, hormones, Cholesterol
Proteins*
Activity 3H

Building Blocks: Amino Acids*
o Held by peptide bonds
o Simple chain: nccnccncc
n= amino group,
o Monomer splits between ncc / ncc
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Characteristics: 4 levels
o Primary: Amino acid chain
o Secondary: H bonds cause coils (alpha helix) & folding (pleated sheet)
o Tertiary: 3D shape results from interactions with the ‘R’ group
o Quaternary: binding of 2 or polypeptide chains
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Groups
o Structural: support, found in hair, tendons & ligaments; Keratin,
Collagen, Elastin
o Contractile: movement; muscles, flagella, cytoskeleton; Actin, Myosin
o Defensive: protection against diseases; antibodies
o Signal: detect stimuli, communicate between cells, hormones; Insulin
o Transport: carry nutrients in the blood, sugar to cells; Hemoglobin
o Storage: store amino acid; Ovalbumin
o Enzymes:* catalyze reactions; Amylase
o Milk: amino acids in babies, protein for seed; Casein
Nucleic Acids*
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Building Blocks: Nucleotides:* 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group & nitrogen base
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Characteristics: Carries genetic information, held by phosphodiester bonds
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Groups
o DNA: Information storage/template
o RNA: Information transport & translation, carry info around the cell, enzymatic