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Name : _____________ Date : __________ Organic Molecules – PROTEINS –Notes Proteins and Their Unit Molecules : - Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Sulfur is often present and phosphorus and iron are sometimes included. - Basic structure: ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ - R: ___________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ - A Dipeptide has one peptide bond where a Tripeptide would have two peptide bonds holding three amino acids together and so on. The order of combination of these A.A. determines the protein that is produced. - ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ - In this manner, long sequences of amino acids are built. These sequences take on specific features, characteristics of the individual amino acids that are bondedtogether. Protein Structure: - There are four levels to protein structure. Chains of amino acids (subunits) which make up a protein is called a polymer. - ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ - The second or Secondary Structure takes place as the chains of amino acids get longer they begin to twist into a spiral. (called an alpha helix). _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ - An alpha helix contains 3.6 amino acids per spiral. There are other secondary structures, but the alpha helix is the most common. - The third or Tertiary Structure ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ - New bonds can form to hold it into a three-dimensional shape. Three types of bonds are involved in this structure: ionic, covalent and/or hydrogen. _______________________________________________________________________. - The fourth or Quaternary Structure occurs in some protein systems, particularly enzymes, where different three-dimensional configurations are associated with and function with each other. Two or more different polypeptides associate with each other. - ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Protein Denaturation : - The weaker hydrogen and ionic bonds of the tertiary structure are easily broken. _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ - Example: This is what happens when milk spoils. The protein in milk, (Casein) denatures and becomes insoluble, forming floating lumps. - Example: Egg white is protein. Excess heat denatures the protein. ( fried or poached ) - Example: Cooking Liver. Effects of denaturation: 1.Protein loses its normal three-dimensional shape 2. Bonding between R groups is disturbed or changed. 3. Protein can no longer perform its normal function 4. Alters enzyme’s activity Roles of Proteins : 1. ____________________________ a) Enzymes (catalyze reactions) - ______________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________ Carbonic Anhydrase: In blood, helps maintain blood pH b) Transport System- Hemoglobin c) Infection fighting- Antibodies attack viruses 2. _________________________________ a) _________________________________________________________ Keratin-fingernails and hair Collagen-Connective tissue Actin/myosin-muscle fiber for movement