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Chapter 15—Evolution I. Section 1:Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection - ____________ developed the Theory of Evolution based on Natural Selection. A. Darwin on the HMS Beagle (1831) - surveyed the ____________ ____________ coast - the trip took __ years - Darwin’s role on the ship was as ____________ and companion to the captain. - His job was to collect ____________ and ____________ specimens during the ship’s travel. - Darwin dropped out of ____________ school and then went to ____________ and graduated with a theology degree. - Darwin was influenced by others: *____________ wrote the Principles of Geology which said that the Earth was ____________ of years old. *____________ did population studies which said that humans ____________ offspring and things like war, famine and disease keeps the population in check (referred to as competition for resources. B. The Galápagos Islands - Darwin studied ____________ ____________ (selective breeding) techniques - Darwin began to collect mockingbirds, ____________, and other animals on the four islands. - He noticed that the different ____________ seemed to have their own, slightly different ____________ of animals. C. Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection - Almost ____________ specimen that Darwin had collected on the islands was ____________ to European scientists. - Populations from the ____________ changed after reaching the Galápagos. - Darwin Continued His Studies - Darwin hypothesized that ____________ ____________ could appear gradually through ____________ changes in ancestral species. - Darwin inferred that if ____________ could change species by artificial selection, then perhaps the same process could work in ____________. - 4 Basic Principles of Natural Selection: 1. ____________ in a population show ____________. 2. Variations can be ____________. 3. Organisms have ____________ offspring than can ____________ on available resources. 4. Variations that ____________ reproductive success will have a greater chance of being ____________ on. - Given enough ____________, Natural Selection can modify a population enough to produce a ____________ ____________. D. The Origin of Species - Darwin ____________ On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in ____________. - Darwin was forced to publish the book. - Darwin’s theory of ____________ ____________ is not the same as ____________. - ____________ is the cumulative changes in groups of organisms over time. - ____________ ____________ is the mechanism by which evolution occurs. II. Evidence of Evolution - Darwin's book showed how evolution ____________ happen. - Also provides ____________ that evolution has occurred. - Theory states that ____________ organisms on Earth have descended from a ____________ ancestor. A. Fossil Record - Provides a ____________ of species that lived long ago. - Important source of information for determining ancestry and ____________ of evolution. - Contains lots of ____________ ____________ which contain features shared by different species *for example: Archaeopteryx had ____________ like birds and teeth and bony tails like ____________. - The ancient Glyptodont have been compared to modern day ____________. - ____________ ____________ are newly evolved features, such as feathers, that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors. - ____________ ____________ are more primitive features, such as teeth and tails, that do appear in ancestral forms. B. Comparative Anatomy 1. Homologous Structures - Anatomically ____________ structures inherited from a common ancestor. ex: arms of vertebrates 2. Vestigial Structures - ____________ that have ____________ function that indicate a change in the organism over time - ____________ ____________ predicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become smaller over time until they are lost. - Not all anatomical structures indicate ____________ ancestry 3. Analogous structures can be used for the ____________ purpose and can be superficially ____________ in construction, but are not ____________ from a common ancestor. - Show that functionally ____________ features can evolve ____________ in similar environments C. Comparative Embryology - Vertebrate ____________ (early pre-birth stage of vertebrates) exhibit homologous structures during certain ____________ of development but become ____________ different structures in the adult forms. - Embryo's are ____________ and indicate a ____________ ancestry. D. Comparative Biochemistry - Common ancestry can be seen in the complex metabolic ____________ that many different organisms share. - comparison can be made between ____________ ____________ sequences in proteins - the more closely related organisms are the ____________ ____________ there will be in amino acid sequences - Conversly, the more ____________ the relationship between two organisms, the ____________ the difference in the amino acid sequence. - Comparisons of the similarities in these ____________ across ____________ reflect evolutionary patterns seen in comparative anatomy and in the ____________ record. - Organisms with ____________ related morphological features have more closely related ____________ features. E. Geographic Distribution - Organisms (like finches) that live in South America will be more ____________ to each other than the organisms living in ____________ environments in Europe - The distribution of ____________ and ____________ that Darwin saw first suggested ____________ to Darwin. - Patterns of ____________ were critical to Darwin when he was developing his theory. - Evolution is intimately linked with ____________ and geological forces. - ____________ is the study of the distribution of plants and animals on the Earth. F. Types of Adaptation - An ____________ is a trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive ____________. 1. ____________ is a measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation. 2. Camouflage - Allows organisms to become almost ____________ to predators 3. Mimicry - One species evolves to ____________ another species. 4. Antimocrobial Resistance - the development of a resistance to ____________ by bacteria III. Shaping Evolutionary Theory Mechanisms of Evolution - evolution occurs at the ____________ level not the ____________ level. - there are a number of different ways evolution can occur. A. Genetic Drift - A ____________ in the allelic frequencies in a population that is due to ____________ - In ____________ populations, the effects of genetic drift become more pronounced, and the chance of ____________ an allele becomes greater. - for example, a flood occurs and wipes out all but 5 animals that happen to be in the top of a tree--only their alleles are passed on 1. Founder Effect - example of ____________ genetic drift - Occurs when a ____________ sample of a population settles in a location ____________ from the rest of the population - Alleles that were ____________ in the original population might be ____________ in the new population. - for example, 2 lizards are blown off-shore to an island 2. Bottleneck - another example of genetic drift - Occurs when a population ____________ to a very ____________ number and then ____________ - ____________ diversity - for example, cheetahs B. Gene Flow - migration - ____________ genetic variation within a population and ____________ differences between populations C. Nonrandom Mating - choosing mates - Promotes ____________ and could lead to a ____________ in allelic proportions favoring individuals that are homozygous for particular traits D. Mutation - ____________ changes in DNA - some ____________, some bad E. Natural Selection - Acts to ____________ the individuals that are ____________ adapted for survival and reproduction 1. Stabilizing selection - most ____________ form of natural selection - operates to ____________ extreme expressions of a trait when the average expression leads to ____________ fitness. 2. Directional selection - makes an organism more ____________ - favors selection of ____________ versions of a trait - example is peppered moth 3. Disruptive selection - a process that ____________ a population into two groups - favors individuals at the ____________ ends of a trait 4. Sexual selection - ____________ in frequency of a trait is based on the ability to ____________ a mate - operates in populations where males and females differ significantly in ____________. - Qualities of sexual attractiveness appear to be the ____________ of qualities that might enhance survival. F. Reproductive Isolation - only members of the ____________ species can breed - ____________ is the process by which some members of a population change so much that they can no longer produce fertile offspring - there are two mechanisms by which speciation can occur 1. ____________ ____________ prevents reproduction by making fertilization unlikely. -for example, organisms don't have ____________ range, have different songs or breed at different times - ____________ genotypes from entering a population’s gene pool through geographic, ecological, behavioral, or other differences (picture) Eastern meadowlark and Western meadowlark 2. ____________ ____________ occurs when fertilization has occurred but a hybrid offspring cannot develop or reproduce. - Prevents offspring survival or ____________ - The offspring of a male lion and a female tiger is a liger. Ligers are sterile. G. Speciation - results in ____________ species 1. Allopatric Speciation - A ____________ barrier divides one population into ____________ or more populations. - The Grand Canyon is a geographic barrier separating the Abert and Kaibab squirrels. 2. Sympatric Speciation - A species evolves into a ____________ species ____________ a physical barrier. - The ancestor species and the new species live ____________ by ____________ during the speciation process. H. Patterns of Evolution 1. Adaptive Radiation (Divergent Evolution) - can occur in a relatively ____________ time when one species gives rise to many ____________ species in response to the creation of ____________ habitat or some other ecological opportunity. - Follows large-scale ____________ events 2. Coevolution - The ____________ between two species might be so close that the evolution of one species ____________ the evolution of the other species. Examples are: ____________- which occurs when two species benefit from each other ________________________ ____________ ____________-which is when one species evolves a parasitic dependency on another species. 3. Convergent Evolution - ____________ species evolve similar traits because they ____________ in similar environments in different parts of the world. 4. Rate of Speciation - Evolution proceeds in ____________, gradual steps according to a theory called ____________. - ____________ ____________ explains rapid spurts of genetic change causing species to diverge quickly. Shaping Evolutionary Theory