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Evolution 1 Evolution vs. Religion Creationism/Intelligent Design 2 Evolution • Scientific Theory • Change through time • 2 Kinds of Development: ontogeny and phylogeny • Diversity and Unity in Nature 3 1 Pre--evolutionary Thoughts on Evolution Pre Charles Darwin Alfred Wallace Origins of Species, 1859 4 George Louis Leclerc, Comte Buffon (1707--1788) (1707 Living things do change through time 5 Erasmus Darwin (1731 (1731--1802) • Closet Closet--Evolutionist 6 2 Jean--Baptiste Lamarck (1744 Jean (1744--1829) • Father of Biology • Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics 7 Catastrophism Uniformitarianism Georges Cuvier (1769(1769-1832) Charles Lyell (1797--1875) (1797 8 Charles Darwin (1809(1809-1882) • Galapagos Islands 9 3 Darwin’s Finches Adaptive Radiation 10 Adaptive Radiation Defined as branching evolution in which different populations of a species become reproductively isolated from each other by adapting to different ecological niches and eventually become separate species. 11 Natural Selection Mechanism for evolutionary change favoring the survival and p of some organisms g over reproduction others because of their biological characteristics. 12 4 Thomas Malthus (1766(1766-1834) • Essay on the Principle of Population (1799) 13 Theory of Evolution can be stated as 4 Facts and 3 Deductions • • • • • • • Fact 1 There is a natural tendency for organisms to increase in number geometrically. Reproduction must occur. Fact 2 Despite this tendency to geometrically increase, the number of a given species remains constant. Deduction 1 In order to exist, there is competition for survival th through h reproduction d ti and d greater t fertility. f tilit “St “Struggle l for f existence” Fact 3 Individual members of a population vary in the characters they posses. Deduction 2 Individuals who possess characters better adapted to the environment survive and reproduce more than those who do not have these characters. This is Natural Selection. Selection. Fact 4 Offspring closely resemble their parents but not exactly (heredity). Deduction 3 Degrees of adaptation will improve with each subsequent generation. 14 Survival of the Fittest •Environment not producing variation •Variation already existed •Nature selected the most suitable traits • Different from Lamarck's inheritance of acquired characters 15 5 Peppered Moths Natural Selection at work Light Moths Dark Moths Non-industrial Nonwoods 11.6% 4.7% Industrial woods 13% 27.5% 16 Adaptation Any characteristic that allows an organism to live and reproduce in an environment where it probably could not exist otherwise. 17 Evolution •Not directed nor predetermined (Orthogenesis) •Opportunistic •Random R d •Irreversible •Orthoselection •Extinction 18 6 Fossil Record Photosynthesis Chemical and Structural Similarities 19 Other Evidence • Genetic Changes Over Generations • Artificial breeding • Geographic Distribution of Related Species 20 7