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Chapter 15 and 16
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
51. James Hutton thought that rocks from the sea floor could be pushed up very high to form
____________________.
52. The geologist ____________________ proposed that past changes in Earth must be explained in
terms of events and processes observable today.
53. According to Lamarck, evolution resulted from the inheritance of ____________________ traits.
54. According to Lamarck’s theory of the inheritance of _________________________, the long legs
of certain shore birds could be acquired by frequent wading in water and then passed on to
offspring.
55. Although his idea was incorrect, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a
scientific explanation for ____________________.
56. When a population’s birthrate exceeds its death rate, the size of the population
____________________.
57. Charles Darwin concluded that, in similar environments around the world,
____________________ could produce similar structures in unrelated species.
58. Charles Darwin realized that the measure of success for an organism was not only a long period
of survival but also ____________________.
59. Crossing-over can occur during the meiotic divisions that produce cells called
____________________.
60. Most inherited differences in the appearances of two brothers are due to the
_________________________ that occurred during the production of gametes in their parents.
61. According to the _________________________ principle, allele frequencies in a population will
remain constant unless one or more of five specific factors cause those frequencies to change.
62. When a population is NOT evolving, it is in a situation called _________________________.
63. For new species to evolve, populations must be ____________________ isolated from each
other.
64. If two populations have been reproductively isolated and can no longer breed and produce fertile
offspring, the process of _________________________ has occurred.
65. In the Galápagos finches that Rosemary and Peter Grant studied, a pattern of natural selection
called ____________________ selection favored individuals with larger, heavier beaks during a
drought.
Short Answer
66. In what way did the voyage of the Beagle provide Charles Darwin with an ideal opportunity for
collecting and analyzing data?
67. What did Charles Darwin discover about the Galápagos birds that he thought were different kinds
of wrens, warblers, and blackbirds?
68. Were Darwin’s hypotheses about natural selection and evolution similar to the ideas of most other
scientists of his time? Explain.
Figure 15–1
69. What did Charles Darwin conclude about the existence of a common ancestor for all life?
70. Are the members of a population necessarily the same species? Explain.
71. Is an allele for a trait that has no effect on a species’ fitness affected by natural selection?
Explain.
72. List the five conditions necessary to maintain genetic equilibrium in a population.
73. Which population, one of nearly identical organisms or one of phenotypically varied organisms,
would be more likely to remain in genetic equilibrium?
74. Why might a geographic barrier such as a large river cause the formation of a new species of
small rodents but not a new species of birds?
75. What are three mechanisms for reproductive isolation? Which mechanism isolates two
populations of similar frogs with different mating calls?