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Basic Immunology BSc in Physiotherapy Weeks 1-15 Mondays 16.00-1800 LSB 2.209 www.immunology.unideb.hu Login: student Password: download Arpad Lanyi, PhD [email protected] Immunity = Immunitas freedom from (Latin) Resistance to infectious disease What is the function of the immune system? How does it recognize, eliminate and remember pathogenic microorganisms? What is the function of the immune system??? To prevent infections or eradicate established infections How does it differentiate between harmful and harmless? How does it differentiate between self and non-self? Keep in mind! Harmful self- tumors Harmless non-self- normal flora What about its specificity? What about flexibility? (Influenza) Speed? Is there room for failure? (Immunodeficiency) We live in a potentially hostile world filled with infectious agents of diverse shape, size and composition which would very happily use us as rich sanctuaries… …had we not developed a series of defense mechanisms. WHY IS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM SO IMPORTANT? Virus PATHOGENS 3 hours Bacteria Viruses 3 hours Multicellular parazites (helminths) Monocellular parazites Cells of human body: 90% microbes, 10% human Gut bacteria: 1014 Human cell population: 1013 DEFENSE MECHANISMS Microbiological barriers The normal flora A microbial community that inhabits the skin and mucosal membranes of mouth, gut and vagina. Symbiotic, non-pathogenic microbes, living in „peaceful” commensalisms. In this ecosystem, the fittest survive and there is a competition over nutrients with pathogenic organisms. (Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Viruses and Helminthes). Physical and chemical barriers Stomach pH of 3-4 Pepsin Skin Tight junctions Keratin layer Antibacterial peptides; Defensins pH of 5.5 Fatty acids Burns and susceptibility to infections! Eye Tear film (Oils, lactoferin, mucin and lyzosyme) Vagina pH of 3.8-4.5 Lactobacillus Lactic acid Respiratory tract Cilliary movement Coughing, sneezing Impaired cilia movement (CF)! !! LYMPHOID ORGANS Primary lymphoid organs: - Bone marrow - Thymus Secondary lymphoid organs: - Spleen - Lymphatic vessels - Lymph nodes - Adenoids and tonsils - MALT (Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue) GALT (Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue) BALT (Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue) SALT (Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue) NALT (Nasal Associated Lymphoid Tissue) Bone marrow Red bone marrow The site of hematopoiesis The bone marrow of a 65kg person weights 2.6kg and produces around 500 billion cells per day Hematopoietic cells leave the central cavity and drain to a central vein Thymus Thymocytes from the bone marrow arrive at the thymus and mature into T cells Thymocytes Epithelial cells Dendritic cells Macrophages Spleen Weights 150g, in the upper left abdomen. The spleen filters the blood and serves as a secondary lymphoid organ Spleen Lymphocyte aggregations similar to the lymph node only that cells and pathogens enter from the blood Red pulp- filters the blood; from antigens, microorganisms and worn-out RBCs Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic nodes Lymph node Secondary lymphatic tissues Secondary lymphatic tissues MALT Lymphatic tissues that are more diffused are generally known as MALT (Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue). Similar microanatomy as the lymph nodes and spleen • Most of the pathogens get into human body through mucosa • A thin, huge surface, dinamic structure • Intense and active immune surveillance mechanisms ensure the protection • Mucus contains glycoproteins, proteoglycans, special enzymes • Anti microbial peptides provide biological defence mecanism against intection • Most of the lymphocyte reside arround the mucosal surface GALT Kripta GALT • The Lamina propria contains lymphatic tissue underlying the gastrointestinal tract connective tissue • The small intestine contains lymphoid nodules; the Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles. • Pathogens are delivered across the mucosa to APCs by specialized mucosal epithelial cells are called the M cells (microfold cells). Intra-epithelial lymphocytes GALT • The large intestine contains isolated lymphoid follicles and the appendix • Antigens arising from Peyer’s patches and Lamina Propria travel to T cell areas in the GALT or Mesenteric lymph nodes. NALT Guarding the gastrointestinal entrance Waldeyer’s ring: Pharyngeal, Tubal, Palatine and Lingual Tonsils Tonsilitis Cellular components of the cutaneous immune system Cytokines secreted by keratinocytes Inflammatory: TNF, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-33 Anti-inflammatory: IL10 Other: GM-CSF Supplementary material FIRST VACCINATION Edward Jenner 1796 The induction of immunity/protection from smallpox (cowpox) Louis Pasteur 1880 Immunization with attenuated pathogens against rabies Ilya Mechnikov 1883 Phagocytosis Paul Ehrlich 1900 Pathogen recognition by special receptor, clonal proliferation to multiply cells that are able to recognize the pathogen Koch Laboratory, Germany 1890 Diphteria and Tetanus toxin Protective humoral factors Antibodies in serum bound to relevant pathogens Emil Behring Shimbasaru Kitasato 1. Many diseases occur only once (natural protection) 2. Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination 3. The blood contains anti-bacterial activity (anti-toxins, serum therapy)