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Proteins, Nutrition, and the Essential Amino Acids Protein in the diet Each day, your body requires 20 to 30 grams of protein to build important molecules, and any excess proteins you eat are broken down into their amino acids and used for energy or converted and stored as fat. Protein breakdown produces the waste urea, which is filtered from the blood by the kidneys. Urea is what gives your urine its yellow color. Why protein is needed Dietary protein is used mostly for a source of amino acids to make new molecules. Amino acids are used to synthesize certain hormones, other amino acids, some neurotransmitters (chemicals used in communication between nerve cells), and new proteins. These proteins have diverse roles in the body, acting as enzymes, receptors on cell membranes, oxygen transport molecules (hemoglobin), structural components (hair and nails), hormones, antibodies, and muscle proteins. Amino acids Table 1. The Essential Amino Acids and Their Plant Sources In the digestive system, dietary protein is broken down Essential amino Beans and other Corn and other into its amino acid subunits. acids legumes grains Isoleucine Then, in the body cells, the X Lysine amino acids are linked in X Valine specific sequences to form X X Histidine new proteins. People can X X Threonine synthesize 11 of the 20 X X Phenylalanine different amino acids by X X Leucine converting one type of amino X X acid into another. There are 9 Tryptophan X Methionine amino acids that we cannot X synthesize, and they are called essential amino acids because it is essential that we have these in our diet. Animal sources of protein such as meat, milk, or eggs contain all the essential amino acids, and combinations of plant sources such as beans, corn, and soybeans can supply the essential amino acids. Because many plant proteins do not have all of the essential amino acids, individuals on a vegetarian diet must include foods from a variety of plant sources whose proteins together will provide all 9 of the essential amino acids. If not, they risk protein deficiencymalnutrition caused by not eating enough protein. Text and table adapted from: Audesirk T., et al, Biology Life on Earth Sixth Edition, pages 585-586. Name __________________________ Per ____ Questions 1. Consider why protein is needed and what amino acids and proteins are used for in the body. Describe the symptoms you would expect a person with protein deficiency to have. 2. Look at Table 1. Which amino acids does corn lack (not have)? Which amino acids do beans and legumes lack (not have)? 3. Vegans are vegetarians that do not eat any food from animals, including milk and eggs. Why must vegans combine foods from a variety of plant sources to avoid protein deficiency (for example rice and beans instead of only beans)? 4. A new protein supplement for athletes and weightlifters advertises that it is the best because it is made of “100% natural organic corn protein”. Why would this not be a good product for athletes and weightlifters? Text and table adapted from: Audesirk T., et al, Biology Life on Earth Sixth Edition, pages 585-586.