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Reproduction
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Result of meiosis
Result of mitosis
Genetically unique offspring
Genetically Identical
offspring
Requires two parents
Creates genetic variety
One parent
No genetic variety
Asexual
Reproduction
Type
Description
Budding
When a clone of the organism
develops on the side of it then
breaks off when fully devleoped
Binary Fission
A single cell is replicated and
splits itself
form a zygote
Zygote A growing cell that is the result of the
gametes coming together
causes strep throat in humans.
Which of these is the type of
reproduction used by
Binary fissionStreptococcus?
a.
b. Meiosis
c. Crossing-over
d. Budding
Cholera bacteria perform binary fission
to
a. Reproduce asexually
b. Digest food rapidly
c. Regulate temperature
d. Increase body size
Which of these is produced as a result
of fertilization:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete
An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygote
A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a zygote
A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a gamete
A student observes a unicellular organism under
a microscope. After a while, the organism begins
to split into two cells, as shown in the diagram.
Which of these best describes the process
a. binary fission
shown in the diagram?
b. Meiosis
c. Osmosis
d. sexual reproduction
from each other and from their
parents. These genetic
differences
are
the
result
of:
a. Mitosis
b. Cloning
c. Sexual reproduction
d. Asexual reproduction
What is formed when a male
gamete combines with a female
gamete?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Zygote
Egg
Sperm
Chromosome
reproduction in which adult
plants grown directly from egg
cells. Which of these does not
Mitosis
occur during apomixes?
a.
b. Translation
c. Fertilization
d. Transcription
10. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Homologous Chromosomes
• Pairs of the same chromosome
Crossing Over
• Process by which alleles on homologous
chromosomes are exchanged creating
genetically unique combinations of genes
Diploid Cells (2n)
• Cells with two sets of chromosomes
(homologous), body cells
Haploid Cells
• Cells with one set of chromosomes, gamete
Sex Cells/Gametes
• Haploid cells with only one set of
chromosomes ( egg and sperm cells)
Somatic/Body Cells
• Diploid cells that are all cells except sex cells (
ex: skin, muscle cells)
Mitosis
Meiosis
Purpose:
To create genetically identical cells
for the purpose of cell growth and
repair
To create genetically unique sex cells
and reduce number of chromosomes
for sexual reproduction
Types of Cells
Involved:
Body Cells
Sex Cells
Beginning of Process:
Diploid or Haploid
Diploid
Diploid
End of Process:
Diploid or Haploid
Diploid
Haploid
Cells at End:
Genetically Identical
or Unique
Genetically Identical
Genetically Unique
Does crossing over
occur:
No
Yes
Two homologous
chromosomes
Unique combinations of genes
created andpair
thus passed
During meiosis, whenare
homologous
onto offspring
come together (one from
mother and one
from father), portions/genes are
exchanged
Each body cell in an earthworm
contains 36 chromosomes. How
many chromosomes are in each
a. 18
of its gametes?
b. 36
c. 54
d. 72
Which of these represents the
number of chromosomes in
cells before and after the
a. n  n process of meiosis?
b. n  2n
c. 2n n
d. 2n  2n
After an egg cell containing 16
chromosomes is fertilized, how
many chromosomes will be
a. 8 present in the zygote?
b. 16
c. 32
d. 64
A sperm cell of a moth has 112
chromosomes. How many
chromosomes are in the moth’s
a. 66
wing cells?
b. 112
c. 224
d. 448
Reproductive cells are produced
during:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Fertilization
Budding
Which of these is produced as a
result of fertilization?
a. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a
gamete
b. An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygote
c. A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a
zygote
d. A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a
gamete
Some coral cells undergo meiosis.
Which of these would not occur
during
meiosis?
a. Formation of a zygote
b. Chromosomes crossing-over
c. Production of gametes
d. Reduction in the number of chromosomes
Which of these does not occur
during meiosis?
a. Production of identical gametes
b. Production of new gene combinations
c. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
d. Reduction of chromosome number by one-half
each body cell. If a horse cell
undergoes meiosis, how many
chromosomes
should
be
in
a. 16
each gamete?
b. 32
c. 64
d. 128
meiosis when a pair of chromosomes that carry
genes for the same trait fail to separate. Which of
these represents the sex chromosomes of a male
organism when this type of chromosomal
a. XXY
mutation has occurred?
b. XX
c. XY
d. XXX
11. DNA vs. RNA
Nitrogen Bases
Sugar
Phosphate Group
Nucleotide
DNA:
Double Stranded
(double helix)
Thymine
Deoxyribose
Stores genetic
info
RNA:
Both:
Single Stranded
Nucleic Acids
Uracil
Adenine, Guanine,
Cytosine
Ribose
Involved in
protein synthesis
Type of RNA
Purpose
Location
mRNA
Transcribes DNA triplets and
transports it to ribosome
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
tRNA
Translates mRNA’s codons
and affixes amino acids
Cytoplasm/
Ribosome
rRNA
Makes up the structural
component of ribosomes
Ribosomes
Look at the DNA Sequence: GAA
TTC GCA. What do the G and A
represent in the DNA
a. Sugars
sequence?
b. Amino acids
c. Phosphates
d. Nitrogen bases
Which of these are the repeating
units that form a DNA
molecules?
a. Fatty acids
b. Nucleotides
c. Amino acids
d. Chromosomes
Which of these represents the
structure of messenger RNA?
Which of the following is correctly
matched with its function?
a.
b.
c.
d.
rRNA – contains codes to make new riobsomes
DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes
tRNA – combines with proteins to make up ribosomes
mRNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the
ribosomes
a protein must move from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of
these
moves
this
information
to
a. A ribosome
the cytoplasm.
b. DNA
c. RNA
d. An amino acid
Which of these
is a
nucleotide:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
a. 1
Which
of these
b. 2
c. 3 is a sugar:
d. 4
What is one role of transfer RNA in
the cell?
a. Preparing the genes for messenger RNA
b. Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids
c. Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosome
d. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome
12. Genetics
Term
What it Means
Genotype
Dominant Trait
A trait that is always expressed in a phenotype regardless of other alleles
present
A
Recessive
A trait that is only expressed in a phenotype if it is the only type of allele that is
present
a
Homozygous
A genotype in which all alleles are the same, whether they are dominant or
recessive
AA or aa
Heterozygous
A genotype in which alleles are different
Aa
Phenotype:
• The physical expression of ones genotype
Genotype
• The combination of alleles and genes
Cross Aa versus Aa:
A
a
A
AA Aa
a
Aa aa
Genotype: AA:Aa:aa, 1:2:1, 25%:50%:25%
Phenotype: n/a
A cross between a tall plant (TT)
and another tall plant
T
t
Genotype: TT:Tt, 1:1, 50%:50%
Phenotype: Tall, 1, 100%
T
TT
Tt
T
TT
Tt
dominant person with Brown
Eyes (B) and a homozygous
recessive person with blue eyes
(b):
b
b
Genotype: Bb, 1, 100%
Phenotype: Brown, 1, 100%
B
Bb
Bb
B
Bb
Bb
the big toe (T) is dominant; the trait for having a second
toe that is shorter than the big toe (t) is recessive. A family
has eight children. Six children have second toes that are
longer than the big toe. Two children have second toes
that are shorter than the big toe. What are the most likely
A. Tt and Tt genotypes of the parents?
B. Tt and tt
C. TT and tt
D. TT and TT
In one plant, the allele for long stems (L) is dominant; the allele
for short stems (l) is recessive. The scientists crossed a
heterozygous, long-stemmed plant with a short-stemmed
plant. Which of these shows the expected results of this
cross?
a. 50% long stemmed plants and 50% short stemmed plants
b. 75% long stemmed plants and 25% short stemmed plants
c. 100% long stemmed plants
d. 100% short stemmed plants
the four hundred offspring
produced were tall pea plants.
Which
of
these
explains
these
The allele for tall pea plants is dominant
results? dominant
The offspring are homozygous
a.
b.
c. The allele for short pea plants is dominant
d. The offspring inherited a new mutation
dimples is recessive. A woman (DD) and a
man (Dd) have four children. Which of
these is the predicted ratio of the children
with dimples to the children without
a. 1:0
dimples?
b. 1:1
c. 1:3
d. 3:1
In humans, the allele for unattached earlobes (E) is dominant.
The allele for attached earlobes (e) is recessive. A woman
who is heterozygous for this trait marries a man who has
attached earlobes. What is the probability that this
couple’s child will have unattached earlobes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
25%
50%
75%
100%
The allele for freckles (F) is dominant and the allele for the
absence of freckles (f) is recessive. A couple has several
children. All of the children have freckles because their
parents’ genotypes can only produce children with
freckles. Which of these are most likely the genotypes of
the two parents?
a. Ff and ff
b. FF and ff
c. Ff and Ff
d. ff and ff
In horses, the allele for straight hair (B) is dominant to the allele
for curly hair (b). Which of these sets of parents can
produce offspring with curly hair?
a. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a
homozygous female with straight hair
b. A homozygous male with curly hair and a
homozygous female with straight hair
c. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a
heterozygous female with straight hair
d. A homozygous male with straight hair and a
homozygous female with straight hair
Which of these combinations
results in the expression of a
recessive trait?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Two dominant alleles
A dominant sex-linked allele and a Y chromosome
Two recessive alleles
A dominant allele and a recessive allele
In humans, the allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and
allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). A female who is
heterozygous for long eyelashes and a male with short
eyelashes have a child. What is the probability that their
offspring will have short eyelashes?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
brown eyes (r). Red eye color in the flies is not sex-linked. Students crossed
male and female flies that had red eyes and recorded the eye color of their
offspring. Their data is shown below:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Whatrr
are the most likely genotypes of the parent flies?
RR and
Rr and Rr
rr and rr
RR and Rr
the approximate ratio of red
eyed offspring to brown eyed
offspring?
a. 1:1
b. 2:1
c. 3:1
d. 4:1
(b) is recessive. Two guinea pigs were crossed as shown in the Punnett square
below. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the types of offspring produced from
the cross.
What
is the probability that an offspring from this cross would have brown
a. 0%
fur?
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
Which of these describes the
phenotypes of the parent
guinea pigs?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Both parents have black fur
Both parents have brown fur
One parent has black fur, and the other brown fur
One parent has a mixture of black and brown fur, and
the other has black fur
crossed to obtain offspring. Three
alleles found in the female gamete
are
ABC.
Three
alleles
found
in
the
a. AaBbCc
male gamete are Abc
b. AABBCC
c. aabbcc
d. AABbCc
brown hair (BB). The other parent is
heterozygous for brown (Bb). What is
the probability that the offspring will
have brown hair?
a. 100%
b. 75%
c. 50%
d. 25%
13. Protein Synthesis
Code
Location
Triplet
DNA
Codon
mRNA
Anti-Codon
tRNA
Molecule
Role
Location
DNA
Store the genetic code
nucleus
mRNA
“transcribe” the genetic code
Nucleus/cyto
plasm
tRNA
“translate” the genetic code
and carrying and bond amino
acids together
ribosome
rRNA
Form ribosomes and bind
together amino acids
Ribosome
Enzymes
Split open the DNA so it can be
copied
Nucleus
Amino
acids
Bind together to form proteins
Cytoplasm
Amino Acid
Protein
tRNA
Ribosomes
mRNA
DNA
mRNA
protein
Transcription
Amino Acids
tRNA
Translation
mRNA
Ribosome
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
A
U
A
C
G
C
T
A
U
G
C
G
G
C
G
A
U
A
T
A
U
C
G
C
T
A
U
Which RNA sequence is produced
using the DNA sequence AGCTAC-ACT?
a.
b.
c.
d.
UCG-AUG-UGA
UCG-UAC-ACU
TCG-ATG-TGA
AGC-UAC-ACU
According to the
diagram, in
a. I which step is
b. II
messenger RNA
c. III
being
d.IV
constructed?
Which step
a. I
b. II involves
c. III
transfer RNA?
d.IV
Which step
a. I
b. II involves
c. III ribosomes?
d.IV
blood cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin
contains the following segment:
TGC-GGA-CTC-CTC
Which of these is the messenger RNA
a. ACG-CCT-GAA-GAA
code for this segment of DNA?
b. TCC-GGT-CTC-CTC
c. ACG-CCU-GAG-GAG
d. UGC-GGA-CUC-CUC
Which of the following is correctly
matched with its function?
a.
b.
c.
d.
rRNA – contains codes to make new ribosomes
DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes
tRNA – combines with proteins to make up ribosomes
mRNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the
ribosomes
Which of these statements best
explains how genes and
proteins are related?
a. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins
b. Proteins are segments of DNA that code for genes
c. Genes are the building blocks of proteins
d. Proteins are the building blocks of genes
Which of the following is the
complementary mRNA
sequence
produced
from
the
UAC-CGG-AGU
strand of DNA?
ACU-GAA-CGA
a.
b.
c. AGU-UCC-UAC
d. AUG-GCC-UCA
a protein must move from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Which of these moves this
A ribosome
information
to the cytoplasm?
a.
b. DNA
c. RNA
d. An amino acid
Structure 2 in
a. Ribosome
diagram
b. the
Mitochondria
c. represents
Protein
a:
d. Chloroplasts
The process in
a. Nucleus
the
diagram
b.
Cytoplasm
c. Vacuole
occurs
in
the
d. Chromosome
Structure 1 is
a.produced
Vacuole
in
b. Cytoplasm
what part of
c. Mitochondria
d. Nucleus
the cell?
the strands are shown below:
Original Strand:
ATT CAG
New Strand:
UAA GUC
geneThis
splicing
new strand will most likely be
DNA synthesis
used
for:
Crossing-over
a.
b.
c.
d. Protein Synthesis
What is one role of transfer RNA in
the cell?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Preparing the genes for messenger RNA
Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids
Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomes
Carrying amino acids to the ribosomes
Mutations
Mutation
• A mutation is a change in the gene sequence
in the DNA and is passed on through
generations
Caused by:
a) DNA nucleotide sequence is not copied
properly
b) Chromosomes do not completely separate
during meiosis
c) Extra or additional chromosomes are passed
on
may result in a base pair
substitution. Which of these
terms describes the change in
a) Cloning base pair sequence?
b) Meiosis
c) Mutation
d) Translation
Which of these describes a
mutation that can be inherited?
a) Random breakage in a liver cell’s DNA
b) Abnormal lung cells produced by toxins in smoke
c) A nitrogen base substitution in a gamete cell
d) Ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells
gene. Parents of individuals with the
disorder have only normal copies of
the gene. Which of these most likely
Mitosis caused this disorder?
a)
b) Gene splicing
c) Mutation
d) Natural Selection
nitrogen base replaces another
in a segment of genetic
material
a. An enzyme substrate
b. A mutation
c. A feedback loop
d. An adaptation
strand. It is replaced by an
abnormal molecule (T*) in the new
strand. The abnormal molecule
a. Anto
adaptation
binds
guanine instead of binding
b. Protein synthesis
toc. adenine.
A mutation This is an example of:
d. Binary fission