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Chapter XII Module 65 Introduction to Psychological Disorders Module Learning Objectives 65-1 Discuss how we draw the line between normality and disorder. 65-2 Discuss the controversy over the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 65-3 Contrast the Medical Model with the biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders 65-4 Describe how and why clinicians classify psychological disorders 65-5 Explain why some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels 65-6 Discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders, and summarize the findings on the link between poverty and serious psychological disorders. Daily Drill 3/15/16 SWBAT get to understand psychological disorders. What is a psychological disorder? Daily Drill 3/15/16 SWBAT get to understand psychological disorders. What is a psychological disorder? A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior Defining Psychological Disorders Psychological disorder - a syndrome marked by a “clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior Dysfunctional behaviors are maladaptive, they may interfere with day to day life Bipolar Disorder - a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD is another psychological disorder The Medical Model Medical Model - The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured through the treatment of hospitals. Before the 1800s, To explain bad or odd behaviors, people in earlier times often said is was the work of strange forces. If you were born in the Middle ages you would have said “The devil made him do it.” They tried to fix the mentally insane by beating them. Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) Philippe was a French psychiatrist and physician who provided a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of psychiatric patients, referred as moral treatment He formed the idea that madness was not demons but sickness of the mind caused by stress and inhuman situations Method was conversation and gentleness “moral treatment” . He replaced brutality with gentleness, isolation with activity, and filth with clean air and sunshine. Because of Philippe and his moral treatment, hospitals would sponsor patient dances that were called “lunatic balls” The Medical Model Before the 1800s, syphilis was believed to be just an illness. It was soon discovered by the 1800s that syphilis infected the brain and distorted the mind. This idea was becoming more rampant and gradually reformed. Hospitals replaced insane asylums and looked for cures for mental disorders. The Medical model cont. Mental illness - psychopathology A mental illness needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and trated through therapy. Chronic, traumatic stress contributes to psychological disorders as well as biochemistry and abnormalities in the brain The Biopsychosocial approach All behavior arises from the introduction of nature ( genetic and physiological factors) and nurture (past and present experience) Psychology studies how biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to make a specific psychological disorder. Biopsychosocial Approach This approach recognizes that mind and body are inseparable. Negative emotions can contribute to physical illness and physical abnormalities can contribute to negative emotions. It is said that we are mind embodied and socially embedded Classifying Psychological Disorders Let's Classify Psychological Disorders Classification creates order. In psychology classification orders and describes symptoms. Diagnostic classification aims to predict its future course, imply appropriate treatment, and stimulate research into its causes. In order to study any disorder it has to have a name and it has to be described. The commonly used system for naming, describing, and estimating how often it occurs is the American Psychiatric Association 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Also known as DSM-5. Criteria in the DSM-5 ● dissatisfied with sleep quantity or quality ● sleep disturbance causes distress or impairment in everyday functioning ● occurs at least three nights per week ● present for at least three months ● occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep ● is not explained by another sleep disorder (such as narcolepsy) ● is not caused by substance use or abuse ● is not caused by other mental disorders or medical conditions Diagnostic Labels Diagnostic labels can change. New categories are also added. Example: Autism and Asperger’s syndrome are no longer included. Both have been combined into the “ Autism spectrum disorder.” Mental retardation has now become intellectual disability. Some of the new categories that have been added are “hoarding disorder” and “binge-eating disorder.” “Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder” is a new DSM-5 diagnosis for children ho seem to show a persistent irritability and frequent episodes of behavior outbursts three or more times a week for over a year. Criticism of DSM Critics say that the DSM casts too wide a net and it brings almost any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry. Some people worry that the DSM-5 will extend the pathologizing of everyday life. For example, a common misconception about being rambunctious is that you then have ADHD. David Rosenhan David Rosenhan and seven other people went to hospital admissions offices and complained about hearing voices. They all answered questions truthfully and all eight people were misdiagnosed with disorders. Until they were released none of the patients had further symptoms. After looking deeper and looking into their life histories, clinicians were able to “discover” the cause of their disorders, like reacting with mixed emotions toward a parent. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuhJ-GkRRQc David Rosenhan Labels Matter Those who were told that Rosenhan and the others were job applicants perceived the patients as normal. Those who were told that they were watching psychiatric or cancer patients perceived them as different from most people Therapists who thought the patients were psychiatric patients perceived them as “frightened of his own aggressive impulses” Preconception can stigmatize America has demonstrated the stigmatizing power. Getting a job can be hard for someone who just got released from a mental hospital. People are starting to realize that psychological disorders are diseases of the brain and not failures of character. The stigma seems to be lifting. Stereotypes Labels create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and our interpretations. Stereotypes linger in media portrayals of psychological disorders. People with disorders are portrayed as objects of humor, as homicidal maniacs, and even as freaks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPJgkSkUN7g Rates of psychological disorders The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health estimates that 26% of adult Americans “suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder. People who have recently immigrated from Mexico, Mexican- Americans born in the U.S. are at greater risk of mental disorder. It's the phenomenon that's known as the immigrant paradox Who is Most Vulnerable to Mental Disorders? The answer varies with the disorder. Disorders usually strike by early adulthood. Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder are the one of the earliest to appear around the age of 8 and 10 Symptoms of alcohol use disorder, obbsesive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disoder, an schizophrenia appear around the age of 20. Major depression often hits around the age of 25 Exit Ticket What is the commonly used system for naming and describing psychological disorders? Name 2 categories that have been added to the DSM-5 Name a disorder that has been changed. Module 66 Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Module Learning Objectives 65-1 Identify the different anxiety disorders. 66-2 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder. 66-3 Describe posttraumatic stress disorder 66-4 Describe how the learning and biological perspectives explain anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD Daily Drill SWBAT understand different disorders What is posttraumatic stress disorder 3/16/16 Daily Drill 3/16/16 SWBAT understand different disorders What is posttraumatic stress disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder is a disorder characterized by huanting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jump anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. Module 66 Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Anxiety Disorders Anxiety is a part of life. Whether it's from speaking in front of a class, looking down from a high place, or getting ready for a big game. Fortunately our easiness is not intense and persistent Some people however are more prone to notice and remember threats and that places them at a risk for one of the anxiety disorders marked by distressing, persistent anxiety, and dysfunctional anxiety reducing behaviors. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders: Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. Generalized anxiety disorder: A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy. Panic Disorder: A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread Phobia: A person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation. Anxiety Disorders continued. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: When a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: When a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event. Generalized Anxiety Disorder A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy. People with this condition worry continually and they are often jittery, agitated, and sleep deprived. ⅔ of people with this condition are women Concentration is difficult, switching from worry to worry. They may not be able to identify and therefore deal with or avoid its cause. Sigmund Freud’s term is free-floating May lead to physical problems such as high blood pressure Panic Disorder It entails an anxiety tornado For the 1 in 75 with this disorder, anxiety escalates into a terrifying panic attack in a very short amount of time. It’s a minutes long episode of intense fear that something traumatic is going to happen. Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, and dizzyness typically happen during the panic attack. Phobias Anxiety disorders in which irrational fear causes the person to avoid some object, activity, or situation. Some phobias focus on animals, heights, enclosed spaces, insects and many more. Social anxiety disorder is shyness being taken to an extreme. People with social anxiety disorder feeling they will be scrutinized by others and to avoid potentially embarrassing social situations, will have trouble speaking up or going out. If a fear is intense enough it is possible for it to become agoraphobia, which is fear or avoidance of situations like crowds where someone might say that they lose control. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions These thoughts and compressive behaviors cross the line between normality and disorder when the interfere with daily living 2 to 3 people cross that line from normal preoccupations and fussiness to debilitating disorder. Effective functioning can become nearly impossible Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety. It was once called “shell shock” or “battle fatigue” Over a quarter of a million Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans have been diagnosed with PTSD Ex: Chris Kyle from American Sniper that was based on a true story. Ex: After 9/11, a survey taken by Manhattan, NY residents found that 8.5 percent were struggling from PTSD. What determines if a person suffers PTSD after a traumatic event? It has been indicated that the greater one’s emotional distress during a trauma, the higher the risk for posttraumatic symptoms. Among New Yorkers who witnessed the 9/11 attack, PTSD doubled for people who were experiencing it from inside the World Trade Center. A sensitive limbic system increases vulnerability by flooding the body with stress hormones again and again as images of the traumatic experience erupt into consciousness. When looking at brain scans of patients with PTSD you will see that there is an aberrant and persistent right temporal lobe activation. There is criticism from psychologists who believe PTSD is not as common and overdiagnosed on account of the broad explanation of trauma. PTSD continued About half of adults experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetime Only 1 in 10 women and 1 in 20 men develop PTSD Suffering can lead to benefiting finding which is posttraumatic growth. Suffering can lead to “benefit finding” Posttraumatic growth is positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. Ex: Someone who has cancer often reported later to have an increased appreciation for life. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD Anxiety is a feeling and a cognition, a doubt-laden appraisal of one's safety or social skill. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms like anxiety. Psychologists now turn to two contemporary perspectives: learning and biological. The Learning Perspective Classical and operant conditioning : Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an innate response to a potent stimulus comes to be in response to a previously neutral stimulus where as operant conditioning is a learning principle in which environmental contingencies are controlled and manipulated to change behavior. The short list of naturally painful and frightening events can multiply into a long list of human fears. Two specific learning processes can contribute to these disorders. Stimulus generalization is when a person attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs. Reinforcement helps maintain our phobias and compulsions after they arise. The Learning Perspective Observational Learning: We can learn fear through observational learning. We do that by observing others’ fears. Susan Mineka experimented with 6 monkeys in the wild. After repeatedly observing their parents or peers refusing to reach for food in the presence of a snake, the younger monkeys developed a similar fear of snakes. Humans also learn fears by observing others. The Biological Perspective The biological perspective can help us understand why few people develop lasting phobias after suffering traumas, why we learn some fears more readily, and why some individuals are more vulnerable. The Biological Perspective Natural Selection We seem biologically prepared to fear threats faced by our ancestors. Our specific fears like spiders, snakes, rats and other animals, heights, enclosed spaces. Our modern fears can have evolutionary explanation. The fear of flying might come from our biological predisposition to fear confinement and heights. Just like our phobias focus on dangers faced by our ancestors, our compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contribute to our species’ survival. The Biological Perspective The Brain Anxiety, panic attacks, PTSD, and obsessions and compulsions are manifested biologically as an overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors. When a disordered brain detects that something is amiss it generates a mental hiccup of repeating actions or thoughts Exit Ticket What are the different anxiety disorders? Describe them. Module 67 Mood Disorders Mood Disorders Mood Disorders: Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Mood disorders come two forms. Major Depressive disorder, with its prolonged hopelessness and lethargy. Bipolar Disorder in which a person alternates between depression and mania, an overexcited, hyperactive state. Major Depressive Disorder Major Depressive Disorder: A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition for longer than two weeks. To understand what major depression is like imagine combining the anguish of grief with the sluggishness of bad jet lag. It slows us down, defuses aggression, helps us let go of unattainable goals, and restrains us from risk taking. Biologically speaking, life’s purpose is not happiness but survival and reproduction. Persistent Depressive Disorder Adults diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder, also known as dysthymia, experience a mildly depressed mood more often. They display a few of these symptoms 1. Problems regulating appetite 2. Problems regulating sleep 3. Low energy 4. Low self esteem 5. Difficulty concentrating Bipolar Disorder If depression is living in slow motion, mania is fast forward. Mania: A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, widely optimistic state. If you alternate between mania and depression week to week then that signals bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder: A mood disorder where a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania Bipolar Disorder While in the manic , people with bipolar disorder are most likely to be over talkative, overactive, and elated. Bipolar disorder is less common than major depressive disorder, but it is often more dysfunctional, and it claims twice as many lost workdays yearly. It affects women and men equally Understanding Mood Disorders Behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression: People that are stuck in the depressed mood are not active and they feel unmotivated. They recall more negative information. They expect negative outcomes. Depression is widespread: it is often suggested that its causes, too, must be common. Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double than men’s: 13 percent of men and 22 percent of women said they had depression when Gallup asked a quarter of a million Americans. The Biological Perspective Genetic Influences. Mood disorders run in families. Emotions are “postcards from our genes.” The risk for major depression and bipolar disorder is increased if one of the parents or siblings have it. Researchers turned to linkage analysis. It points us to a chromosome neighborhood. A “house-to-house search is needed to find the genetic gene.” Genes work together to produce mosaic small effects that interact with other factors. The Depressed Brain Researchers are gaining insight into brain activity during depressed and manic states and into the effects of certain neurotransmitters during the states. Diminished brain activity during slowed-down depressive states, and more activity during mania, The left frontal lobe and adjacent brain reward center are active during positive emotion, but less active during depressed state. In a study of people with severe depression, MRI scans found that their frontal lobes 7 percent smaller than the normal. Social-Cognitive Perspective Depression deals with the whole body. The social-cognitive perspective explores the roles thinking and acting. The intensity of their negative assumptions about themselves, the situation, and their future lead them to see bad experiences and ignore the good ones. Self-Defeating Beliefs and a negative explanatory style feed depression’s cycle. Negative Thoughts and Negative Moods Interact self -defeating beliefs might arise from learned helplessness. Learned helplessness is more common in women than men. Women respond more strongly to stress. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema believes that women’s higher risk for depression relates to their tendency to overthink, or to ruminate. They stay focused on a problem. Ruminate: Compulsive fretting over thinking about our problems and their causes. Negative Thoughts and Negative Moods Interact Life’s unavoidable failures lead to depression because of their explanatory style. It’s what or who they blame for their failures. If you blame yourself for failing a test then you are probably going to feel stupid and depressed. Depression’s Vicious Cycle Depression is brought by stressful experiences, and by anything that disrupts our sense of who we are and why we are worthy humans. The disruption leads to negative feelings. Depression is a cycle. Bad moods feed on themselves. Whenever we tend to feel down, we think negatively and we remember bad memories. We can break the cycle of depression though. If we move to a different environment, by reversing our selfblame and negative attributions, by turning our attention outward and by engaging in fun activities. Exit Ticket What are mood disorders? What two forms do they come in. SWBAT identify key elements of schizophrenia by which two means does someone become diagnosed with schizophrenia? acute schizophrenia happens gradually chronic schizophrenia is slow-developing Module 68 Schizophrenia Module Learning Objectives 68-1 Describe the patterns of thinking, perceiving and feeling that characterizes schizophrenia 68-2 Contrast chronic and acute schizophrenia 68-3 Discuss how brain abnormalities and viral infections help explain schizophrenia 68-4 Discuss the evidence for genetic influences on schizophrenia , and describe some factors that may be early warning signs of schizophrenia in children. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia- a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression. Schizophrenia also means “split mind” not to be confused with multiple-personality split. it is an example of psychosis (psychotic disorder) distinguished by a lost contact with reality and warped perception. Disorganized thinking and Disturbed perceptions The thinking of people with schizophrenia are often clouded with delusions, particularly those that are paranoid. They may bring up a few topics on their mind with no relevance to each other resulting in word salad. Hallucination- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation They may feel, taste, or smell things not there. Most are auditory hallucinations. Disorganized thoughts result from a breakdown in selective attention, they are very easily distracted. Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions Most emotions expressed by people with schizophrenia are inappropriate, not real. ex: laughing at death, becoming angry over nothing, or crying when others are laughing Flat affect is lapsing into emotionless state, they also have difficulty perceiving emotions. Motor behavior can be inappropriate. If they exhibit catatonia they remain calm for hours and then become agitated. Onset and Development of Schizophrenia -develops when you're young -affects 1 in 100 people, both male and female -sometimes results from stress, or develops gradually from other factors Not just a single disorder Patients who experience positive symptoms experience hallucinations, talk in delusional ways and exhibit inappropriate emotions in the setting. Negative symptoms include toneless voices, expressionless faces, or rigid bodies. Positive are the presence and negative are the the absence of inappropriate behavior. slow-developing schizophrenia (chronic schizophrenia) is not expected recovery. Developing schizophrenia rapidly (acute schizophrenia) following life stresses, recovery is more likely. Brain Abnormalities Dopamine Overactivity Schizophrenic patients after their death were discovered to have too many dopamine receptors. Six times more excess for D4 dopamine receptor There is speculation that this dopamine-intensified system may spark signals to create positive behaviors of schizophrenia. Drugs that block dopamine receptors will lessen the symptoms. Drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines could intensify them Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy people diagnosed with schizophrenia often display a decline in the brain waves that affect the synchronized neural firing of the frontal lobes. Neurons out of sync disrupt the functioning of neural networks, which could be the reason behind schizophrenic problems. Studies have shown that a majority of schizophrenic patients have a enlarged fluid filled area and shrinkage of cerebral tissue. Other studies on cases of people who developed this later showed that the greater the brain shrinkage, the more severe the patient's case was. Maternal virus during mid pregnancy There is an increased risk of a viral infection during mid pregnancy that impairs fetal brain development such as flu epidemic born in a densely populated area born during the winter and spring months (only 5% to 8%) mothers being sick with influenza having blood drawn when you’re pregnant These items suggest that fetal-virus infections play a contributing role in the Genetic Factors There is strong evidence that supports a genetic predisposition of the disorder. 1 in 100 odds of being diagnosed with schizophrenia become to 1 in 10 if the parent(s) have schizophrenia. 1 in 2 if the affected sibling is an identical twin. Identical twins share a prenatal environment, possibly ⅔ blood and placenta and the other ⅓ have two single placentas. There's a 6 in 10 chance of both identical twins to have schizophrenia if they shared a placenta, separate placentas are 1 in 10 Genetic Factors continued Psychological Factors Investigators followed a study of the development of high-risk children, over the course of 2 and a half years, 20% displayed a tendency to withdraw socially before they even developed schizophrenia. By comparing high-risk and low-risk children who do and do not develop schizophrenia, they have identified some early signs: a mother was schizophrenia was severe and long birth complication such as oxygen deprivation and low birth weight separation from parents short attention span and poor muscle coordination disruptive or withdrawn behavior Exit Ticket What are some of the negative and positive behaviors of schizophrenia? Module 69 Other Disorders Module Learning Objectives 69-1 Describe somatic symptom and related disorders 69-2 Describe dissociative disorders, and discuss why they are controversial 69-3 Explain how anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder demonstrate the influence of psychological and genetic forces. 69-4 Contrast the three clusters of personality disorders, and describe the behaviors and brain activity that characterize the antisocial personality. Daily Drill SWBAT learn and understand the somatic symptom and other related disorders. What is antisocial personality disorder? A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic form without apparent physical cause. Culture as a big effect on people’s physical complaints and how they explain them. One rare type of disorder is the conversion disorder. Conversion disorder: a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. Someone might lose sensation in a way that makes no neurological sense Illness Anxiety Disorder Illness anxiety disorder: a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. People interpret normal sensations like a headache as symptoms of a disease. No reassurance by a physician can convince the patient that the symptoms don’t reflect a serious disease so they keep seeking more medical help. Dissociative Disorders Bewildering disorders are the rare dissociative disorders. Dissociative disorders: disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. A person seems to lose memory or changes in identity that is often in response to an overwhelming situation. Ex: A Vietnam veteran was haunted by his comrades’ deaths, and who had left the World Trade Center office before the 9/11 attack, disappeared on route to work and was discovered in a Chicago homeless shelter, and was reported with no memory of his identity Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Dissociative identity disorder: A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, which is now called multiple personality disorder. Two or more distinct identities are said to control a person's’ behavior. The person might be prim and proper one minute and loud and obnoxious the next. Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder Skeptics question whether or not DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. Skeptics also find t strange that the disorder is localized in time and space. In cultures some people are said to be “possessed” by an alien spirit. It has been said that its a disorder made by therapists in a particular social context instead of being provoked by traumas. Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder Some clinicians include dissociative disorders as being under the umbrella of posttraumatic stress disorder from a response to a child's history trauma. On one side there are those who believe multiple personalities are desperate efforts of the traumatized to detach from a historic existence. There are also others who think that DID is a condition contrived by a fantasy-prone, emotionally vulnerable people, and constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa- begins as a weight loss diet, broken by gorging on forbidden food. Usually adolescents, 9 out of 10 being females drop significantly below there original weight. They remain obsessed with staying thin and losing weight. Bulimia nervosa- may also be triggered by a weight loss diet, and also broken by gorging on forbidden foods. Mostly women in their late teens, early twenties, in a cycle of repeated episodes, overeating quickly followed by purging (through vomiting and laxative use), fasting or excessive exercise do this because of their fear of becoming overweight. -People that binge eat but do not purge, fast, or exercise excessively usually have binge-eating disorder. Eating disorders continued Genetics may have an influence on people who develop these disorders. Twins are more likely to share this disorder if they are identical. Cultural and gender have a great impact as well. The ideal shape has varied over the decades. Personality Disorders There are dysfunctional behavior patterns that impair people’s social functioning. Personality disorder- psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning First Cluster- fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes avoidant personality disorder Second cluster- expresses eccentric or odd behaviors such as the emotionless disengagement of the schizoid personality disorder Third Cluster- exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors, attention getting histrionic personality disorder and the self-focused narcissistic personality disorder. Antisocial Personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder (sociopath or psychopath) ● usually male ● lack of conscience ● displays unrestricted sexual behavior ● lies, cheats, steals ● half diagnosed cannot keep a job ● very irresponsible Antisocial Personality Disorder continued Criminality is not an essential component of this disorder. Most criminals do not meet the criteria because they show concern for people who are close to them. Antisocial personalities behave impulsively, fear little and feel little. People with this disorder are more susceptible to killing because they have no remorse. ex; Henry Lee Lucas had killed his first victim at 13 and felt no remorse. He also confessed to killing 360 men, women, and children Understanding Antisocial Personality disorder -comprised of biological and psychological strands Twin studies revealed that biological relatives of those with antisocial tendencies are at an increased risk for antisocial behavior. Geneticists have found specific genes that are more common in this disorder -they show little to no autonomic nervous system arousal, in stressful situations -long term studies have shown that their levels of stress hormones were lower than average before committing their first crime continued. there are various ways that antisocial personality disorder is developed. lack of a deep conditioned fear child abuse have 11% less frontal lobe tissue than normal Bad genes and bad environment alone still did not predispose antisocial behavior, they predisposed children to be more sensitive to maltreatment. Exit Ticket How many eating disorders are there? Explain them.