Download Chapter XII Module 65

Chapter XII Module 65
Introduction to Psychological Disorders
Module Learning Objectives
65-1 Discuss how we draw the line between normality and disorder.
65-2 Discuss the controversy over the diagnosis of attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
65-3 Contrast the Medical Model with the biopsychosocial approach to
psychological disorders
65-4 Describe how and why clinicians classify psychological disorders
65-5 Explain why some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels
65-6 Discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders, and summarize the
findings on the link between poverty and serious psychological disorders.
Daily Drill
3/15/16
SWBAT get to understand psychological disorders.
What is a psychological disorder?
Daily Drill
3/15/16
SWBAT get to understand psychological disorders.
What is a psychological disorder?
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an
individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
Defining Psychological Disorders
Psychological disorder - a syndrome marked by a “clinically significant disturbance
in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
Dysfunctional behaviors are maladaptive, they may interfere with day to day life
Bipolar Disorder - a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy,
activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD is another psychological
disorder
The Medical Model
Medical Model - The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be
diagnosed, treated, and cured through the treatment of hospitals.
Before the 1800s, To explain bad or odd behaviors, people in earlier times often said
is was the work of strange forces. If you were born in the Middle ages you would
have said “The devil made him do it.”
They tried to fix the mentally insane by beating them.
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
Philippe was a French psychiatrist and physician who provided a more humane
psychological approach to the custody and care of psychiatric patients, referred
as moral treatment
He formed the idea that madness was not demons but sickness of the mind caused
by stress and inhuman situations
Method was conversation and gentleness “moral treatment” .
He replaced brutality with gentleness, isolation with activity, and filth with clean
air and sunshine.
Because of Philippe and his moral treatment,
hospitals would sponsor patient dances that
were called “lunatic balls”
The Medical Model
Before the 1800s, syphilis was believed to be just an illness. It was soon
discovered by the 1800s that syphilis infected the brain and distorted the
mind. This idea was becoming more rampant and gradually reformed.
Hospitals replaced insane asylums and looked for cures for mental
disorders.
The Medical model cont.
Mental illness - psychopathology
A mental illness needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and trated
through therapy.
Chronic, traumatic stress contributes to psychological disorders as well as
biochemistry and abnormalities in the brain
The Biopsychosocial approach
All behavior arises from the introduction of nature ( genetic and physiological
factors) and nurture (past and present experience)
Psychology studies how biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact
to make a specific psychological disorder.
Biopsychosocial Approach
This approach recognizes that mind and body are inseparable.
Negative emotions can contribute to physical illness and physical abnormalities can
contribute to negative emotions.
It is said that we are mind embodied and socially embedded
Classifying Psychological Disorders
Let's Classify Psychological Disorders
Classification creates order. In psychology classification orders and describes
symptoms.
Diagnostic classification aims to predict its future course, imply appropriate
treatment, and stimulate research into its causes.
In order to study any disorder it has to have a name and it has to be described.
The commonly used system for naming, describing, and estimating how often it
occurs is the American Psychiatric Association 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders. Also known as DSM-5.
Criteria in the DSM-5
● dissatisfied with sleep quantity or quality
● sleep disturbance causes distress or impairment in everyday functioning
● occurs at least three nights per week
● present for at least three months
● occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep
● is not explained by another sleep disorder (such as narcolepsy)
● is not caused by substance use or abuse
● is not caused by other mental disorders or medical conditions
Diagnostic Labels
Diagnostic labels can change. New categories are also added.
Example: Autism and Asperger’s syndrome are no longer included. Both have been
combined into the “ Autism spectrum disorder.” Mental retardation has now become
intellectual disability.
Some of the new categories that have been added are “hoarding disorder” and
“binge-eating disorder.”
“Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder” is a new DSM-5 diagnosis for children ho
seem to show a persistent irritability and frequent episodes of behavior outbursts
three or more times a week for over a year.
Criticism of DSM
Critics say that the DSM casts too wide a net and it brings almost any kind of
behavior within the compass of psychiatry.
Some people worry that the DSM-5 will extend the pathologizing of everyday life.
For example, a common misconception about being rambunctious is that you then
have ADHD.
David Rosenhan
David Rosenhan and seven other people went to hospital admissions offices and
complained about hearing voices.
They all answered questions truthfully and all eight people were misdiagnosed with
disorders.
Until they were released none of the patients had further symptoms.
After looking deeper and looking into their life histories, clinicians were able to
“discover” the cause of their disorders, like reacting with mixed emotions toward a
parent.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuhJ-GkRRQc
David Rosenhan
Labels Matter
Those who were told that Rosenhan and the others were job applicants perceived
the patients as normal.
Those who were told that they were watching psychiatric or cancer patients
perceived them as different from most people
Therapists who thought the patients were psychiatric patients perceived them as
“frightened of his own aggressive impulses”
Preconception can stigmatize
America has demonstrated the stigmatizing power.
Getting a job can be hard for someone who just got released from a mental hospital.
People are starting to realize that psychological disorders are diseases of the brain
and not failures of character. The stigma seems to be lifting.
Stereotypes
Labels create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and our interpretations.
Stereotypes linger in media portrayals of psychological disorders.
People with disorders are portrayed as objects of humor, as homicidal maniacs, and
even as freaks.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPJgkSkUN7g
Rates of psychological disorders
The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health estimates that 26% of adult
Americans “suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder.
People who have recently immigrated from Mexico, Mexican- Americans born in the
U.S. are at greater risk of mental disorder.
It's the phenomenon that's known as the immigrant paradox
Who is Most Vulnerable to Mental Disorders?
The answer varies with the disorder.
Disorders usually strike by early adulthood.
Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder are the one of the earliest to appear
around the age of 8 and 10
Symptoms of alcohol use disorder, obbsesive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disoder,
an schizophrenia appear around the age of 20.
Major depression often hits around the age of 25
Exit Ticket
What is the commonly used system for naming and describing psychological
disorders?
Name 2 categories that have been added to the DSM-5
Name a disorder that has been changed.
Module 66
Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Module Learning Objectives
65-1 Identify the different anxiety disorders.
66-2 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder.
66-3 Describe posttraumatic stress disorder
66-4 Describe how the learning and biological perspectives explain anxiety
disorders, OCD, and PTSD
Daily Drill
SWBAT understand different disorders
What is posttraumatic stress disorder
3/16/16
Daily Drill
3/16/16
SWBAT understand different disorders
What is posttraumatic stress disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder is a disorder characterized by
huanting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jump
anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers
for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
Module 66
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety is a part of life. Whether it's from speaking in front of a class, looking down
from a high place, or getting ready for a big game.
Fortunately our easiness is not intense and persistent
Some people however are more prone to notice and remember threats and that
places them at a risk for one of the anxiety disorders marked by distressing,
persistent anxiety, and dysfunctional anxiety reducing behaviors.
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders: Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent
anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Generalized anxiety disorder: A person is unexplainably and continually tense and
uneasy.
Panic Disorder: A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread
Phobia: A person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation.
Anxiety Disorders continued.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: When a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts or
actions.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: When a person has lingering memories, nightmares,
and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy.
People with this condition worry continually and they are often jittery, agitated, and
sleep deprived.
⅔ of people with this condition are women
Concentration is difficult, switching from worry to worry.
They may not be able to identify and therefore deal with or avoid its cause.
Sigmund Freud’s term is free-floating
May lead to physical problems such as high blood pressure
Panic Disorder
It entails an anxiety tornado
For the 1 in 75 with this disorder, anxiety escalates into a terrifying panic attack in
a very short amount of time. It’s a minutes long episode of intense fear that
something traumatic is going to happen.
Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, and dizzyness
typically happen during the panic attack.
Phobias
Anxiety disorders in which irrational fear causes the person to avoid some object,
activity, or situation.
Some phobias focus on animals, heights, enclosed spaces, insects and many more.
Social anxiety disorder is shyness being taken to an extreme.
People with social anxiety disorder feeling they will be scrutinized by others and to
avoid potentially embarrassing social situations, will have trouble speaking up or
going out.
If a fear is intense enough it is possible for it to become agoraphobia, which is fear
or avoidance of situations like crowds where someone might say that they lose
control.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions
These thoughts and compressive behaviors cross the line between normality and
disorder when the interfere with daily living
2 to 3 people cross that line from normal preoccupations and fussiness to debilitating
disorder.
Effective functioning can become nearly impossible
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal,
jumpy anxiety.
It was once called “shell shock” or “battle fatigue”
Over a quarter of a million Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans have been diagnosed
with PTSD
Ex: Chris Kyle from American Sniper that was based on a true story.
Ex: After 9/11, a survey taken by Manhattan, NY residents found that 8.5 percent
were struggling from PTSD.
What determines if a person suffers PTSD after a traumatic
event?
It has been indicated that the greater one’s emotional distress during a trauma, the
higher the risk for posttraumatic symptoms. Among New Yorkers who witnessed
the 9/11 attack, PTSD doubled for people who were experiencing it from inside the
World Trade Center.
A sensitive limbic system increases vulnerability by flooding the body with stress
hormones again and again as images of the traumatic experience erupt into
consciousness. When looking at brain scans of patients with PTSD you will see that
there is an aberrant and persistent right temporal lobe activation.
There is criticism from psychologists who believe PTSD is not as common and
overdiagnosed on account of the broad explanation of trauma.
PTSD continued
About half of adults experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetime
Only 1 in 10 women and 1 in 20 men develop PTSD
Suffering can lead to benefiting finding which is posttraumatic growth.
Suffering can lead to “benefit finding”
Posttraumatic growth is positive psychological changes as a result of struggling
with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
Ex: Someone who has cancer often reported later to have an increased appreciation
for life.
Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD
Anxiety is a feeling and a cognition, a doubt-laden appraisal of one's safety or social
skill.
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress
intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings and that this submerged mental energy
sometimes produces mystifying symptoms like anxiety.
Psychologists now turn to two contemporary perspectives: learning and biological.
The Learning Perspective
Classical and operant conditioning : Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an innate response
to a potent stimulus comes to be in response to a previously neutral stimulus where as operant conditioning
is a learning principle in which environmental contingencies are controlled and manipulated to change
behavior.
The short list of naturally painful and frightening events can multiply into a long list
of human fears.
Two specific learning processes can contribute to these disorders.
Stimulus generalization is when a person attacked by a fierce dog later develops a
fear of all dogs.
Reinforcement helps maintain our phobias and compulsions after they arise.
The Learning Perspective
Observational Learning:
We can learn fear through observational learning. We do that by observing others’
fears.
Susan Mineka experimented with 6 monkeys in the wild. After repeatedly observing
their parents or peers refusing to reach for food in the presence of a snake, the
younger monkeys developed a similar fear of snakes.
Humans also learn fears by observing others.
The Biological Perspective
The biological perspective can help us understand why few
people develop lasting phobias after suffering traumas, why we
learn some fears more readily, and why some individuals are
more vulnerable.
The Biological Perspective
Natural Selection
We seem biologically prepared to fear threats faced by our ancestors.
Our specific fears like spiders, snakes, rats and other animals, heights, enclosed
spaces.
Our modern fears can have evolutionary explanation. The fear of flying might come
from our biological predisposition to fear confinement and heights.
Just like our phobias focus on dangers faced by our ancestors, our compulsive acts
typically exaggerate behaviors that contribute to our species’ survival.
The Biological Perspective
The Brain
Anxiety, panic attacks, PTSD, and obsessions and compulsions are manifested
biologically as an overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual
behaviors.
When a disordered brain detects that something is amiss it generates a mental
hiccup of repeating actions or thoughts
Exit Ticket
What are the different anxiety disorders?
Describe them.
Module 67
Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders: Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
Mood disorders come two forms.
Major Depressive disorder, with its prolonged hopelessness and lethargy.
Bipolar Disorder in which a person alternates between depression and mania, an
overexcited, hyperactive state.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder: A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the
absence of drugs or another medical condition for longer than two weeks.
To understand what major depression is like imagine combining the anguish of grief
with the sluggishness of bad jet lag.
It slows us down, defuses aggression, helps us let go of unattainable goals, and
restrains us from risk taking.
Biologically speaking, life’s purpose is not happiness but survival and reproduction.
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Adults diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder, also known as dysthymia,
experience a mildly depressed mood more often.
They display a few of these symptoms
1. Problems regulating appetite
2. Problems regulating sleep
3. Low energy
4. Low self esteem
5. Difficulty concentrating
Bipolar Disorder
If depression is living in slow motion, mania is fast forward.
Mania: A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, widely optimistic state.
If you alternate between mania and depression week to week then that signals
bipolar disorder.
Bipolar Disorder: A mood disorder where a person alternates between the
hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
Bipolar Disorder
While in the manic , people with bipolar disorder are most likely to be over talkative,
overactive, and elated.
Bipolar disorder is less common than major depressive disorder, but it is often more
dysfunctional, and it claims twice as many lost workdays yearly.
It affects women and men equally
Understanding Mood Disorders
Behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression: People that are stuck in
the depressed mood are not active and they feel unmotivated. They recall more
negative information. They expect negative outcomes.
Depression is widespread: it is often suggested that its causes, too, must be common.
Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double than men’s: 13 percent of men
and 22 percent of women said they had depression when Gallup asked a quarter of a
million Americans.
The Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences.
Mood disorders run in families. Emotions are “postcards from our genes.” The risk
for major depression and bipolar disorder is increased if one of the parents or
siblings have it.
Researchers turned to linkage analysis. It points us to a chromosome neighborhood.
A “house-to-house search is needed to find the genetic gene.” Genes work together
to produce mosaic small effects that interact with other factors.
The Depressed Brain
Researchers are gaining insight into brain activity during depressed and manic
states and into the effects of certain neurotransmitters during the states.
Diminished brain activity during slowed-down depressive states, and more activity
during mania,
The left frontal lobe and adjacent brain reward center are active during positive
emotion, but less active during depressed state.
In a study of people with severe depression, MRI scans found that their frontal lobes
7 percent smaller than the normal.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Depression deals with the whole body. The social-cognitive perspective explores the
roles thinking and acting. The intensity of their negative assumptions about
themselves, the situation, and their future lead them to see bad experiences and
ignore the good ones.
Self-Defeating Beliefs and a negative explanatory style feed depression’s cycle.
Negative Thoughts and Negative Moods Interact
self -defeating beliefs might arise from learned helplessness. Learned helplessness is
more common in women than men. Women respond more strongly to stress.
Susan Nolen-Hoeksema believes that women’s higher risk for depression relates to
their tendency to overthink, or to ruminate. They stay focused on a problem.
Ruminate: Compulsive fretting over thinking about our problems and their causes.
Negative Thoughts and Negative Moods Interact
Life’s unavoidable failures lead to depression because of their explanatory style. It’s
what or who they blame for their failures. If you blame yourself for failing a test
then you are probably going to feel stupid and depressed.
Depression’s Vicious Cycle
Depression is brought by stressful experiences, and by anything that disrupts our
sense of who we are and why we are worthy humans. The disruption leads to
negative feelings.
Depression is a cycle. Bad moods feed on themselves. Whenever we tend to feel
down, we think negatively and we remember bad memories. We can break the cycle
of depression though. If we move to a different environment, by reversing our selfblame and negative attributions, by turning our attention outward and by engaging
in fun activities.
Exit Ticket
What are mood disorders?
What two forms do they come in.
SWBAT identify key elements of schizophrenia
by which two means does someone become diagnosed with schizophrenia?
acute schizophrenia happens gradually
chronic schizophrenia is slow-developing
Module 68
Schizophrenia
Module Learning Objectives
68-1 Describe the patterns of thinking, perceiving and feeling that characterizes
schizophrenia
68-2 Contrast chronic and acute schizophrenia
68-3 Discuss how brain abnormalities and viral infections help explain
schizophrenia
68-4 Discuss the evidence for genetic influences on schizophrenia , and describe
some factors that may be early warning signs of schizophrenia in children.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia- a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.
Schizophrenia also means “split mind” not to be confused with multiple-personality
split.
it is an example of psychosis (psychotic disorder) distinguished by a lost contact
with reality and warped perception.
Disorganized thinking and Disturbed perceptions
The thinking of people with schizophrenia are often clouded with delusions,
particularly those that are paranoid.
They may bring up a few topics on their mind with no relevance to each other
resulting in word salad.
Hallucination- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation
They may feel, taste, or smell things not there. Most are auditory hallucinations.
Disorganized thoughts result from a breakdown in selective attention, they are very
easily distracted.
Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions
Most emotions expressed by people with schizophrenia are inappropriate, not real.
ex: laughing at death, becoming angry over nothing, or crying when others are
laughing
Flat affect is lapsing into emotionless state, they also have difficulty perceiving
emotions.
Motor behavior can be inappropriate.
If they exhibit catatonia they remain calm for hours and then become agitated.
Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
-develops when you're young
-affects 1 in 100 people, both male and female
-sometimes results from stress, or develops gradually from other factors
Not just a single disorder
Patients who experience positive symptoms experience hallucinations, talk in delusional ways and exhibit
inappropriate emotions in the setting.
Negative symptoms include toneless voices, expressionless faces, or rigid bodies.
Positive are the presence and negative are the the absence of inappropriate behavior.
slow-developing schizophrenia (chronic schizophrenia) is not expected recovery. Developing schizophrenia
rapidly (acute schizophrenia) following life stresses, recovery is more likely.
Brain Abnormalities
Dopamine Overactivity
Schizophrenic patients after their death were discovered to have too many dopamine
receptors. Six times more excess for D4 dopamine receptor
There is speculation that this dopamine-intensified system may spark signals to
create positive behaviors of schizophrenia.
Drugs that block dopamine receptors will lessen the symptoms.
Drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines could intensify them
Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy
people diagnosed with schizophrenia often display a decline in the brain waves that
affect the synchronized neural firing of the frontal lobes. Neurons out of sync disrupt
the functioning of neural networks, which could be the reason behind schizophrenic
problems.
Studies have shown that a majority of schizophrenic patients have a enlarged fluid
filled area and shrinkage of cerebral tissue. Other studies on cases of people who
developed this later showed that the greater the brain shrinkage, the more severe
the patient's case was.
Maternal virus during mid pregnancy
There is an increased risk of a viral infection during mid pregnancy that impairs
fetal brain development such as
flu epidemic
born in a densely populated area
born during the winter and spring months (only 5% to 8%)
mothers being sick with influenza
having blood drawn when you’re pregnant
These items suggest that fetal-virus infections play a contributing role in the
Genetic Factors
There is strong evidence that supports a genetic predisposition of the disorder.
1 in 100 odds of being diagnosed with schizophrenia become to 1 in 10 if the
parent(s) have schizophrenia. 1 in 2 if the affected sibling is an identical twin.
Identical twins share a prenatal environment, possibly ⅔ blood and placenta and the
other ⅓ have two single placentas. There's a 6 in 10 chance of both identical twins
to have schizophrenia if they shared a placenta, separate placentas are 1 in 10
Genetic Factors continued
Psychological Factors
Investigators followed a study of the development of high-risk children, over the
course of 2 and a half years, 20% displayed a tendency to withdraw socially before
they even developed schizophrenia. By comparing high-risk and low-risk children
who do and do not develop schizophrenia, they have identified some early signs:
a mother was schizophrenia was severe and long
birth complication such as oxygen deprivation and low birth weight
separation from parents
short attention span and poor muscle coordination
disruptive or withdrawn behavior
Exit Ticket
What are some of the negative and positive behaviors of schizophrenia?
Module 69
Other Disorders
Module Learning Objectives
69-1 Describe somatic symptom and related disorders
69-2 Describe dissociative disorders, and discuss why they are controversial
69-3 Explain how anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder
demonstrate the influence of psychological and genetic forces.
69-4 Contrast the three clusters of personality disorders, and describe the behaviors
and brain activity that characterize the antisocial personality.
Daily Drill
SWBAT learn and understand the somatic symptom and other related disorders.
What is antisocial personality disorder?
A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing.
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic form without
apparent physical cause.
Culture as a big effect on people’s physical complaints and how they explain them.
One rare type of disorder is the conversion disorder.
Conversion disorder: a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine
physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.
Someone might lose sensation in a way that makes no neurological sense
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Illness anxiety disorder: a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical
sensations as symptoms of a disease.
People interpret normal sensations like a headache as symptoms of a disease.
No reassurance by a physician can convince the patient that the symptoms don’t
reflect a serious disease so they keep seeking more medical help.
Dissociative Disorders
Bewildering disorders are the rare dissociative disorders.
Dissociative disorders: disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated
from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
A person seems to lose memory or changes in identity that is often in response to an
overwhelming situation.
Ex: A Vietnam veteran was haunted by his comrades’ deaths, and who had left the
World Trade Center office before the 9/11 attack, disappeared on route to work
and was discovered in a Chicago homeless shelter, and was reported with no
memory of his identity
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Dissociative identity disorder: A rare dissociative disorder in which a person
exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, which is now called
multiple personality disorder.
Two or more distinct identities are said to control a person's’ behavior.
The person might be prim and proper one minute and loud and obnoxious the next.
Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder
Skeptics question whether or not DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our
normal capacity for personality shifts.
Skeptics also find t strange that the disorder is localized in time and space.
In cultures some people are said to be “possessed” by an alien spirit.
It has been said that its a disorder made by therapists in a particular social context
instead of being provoked by traumas.
Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder
Some clinicians include dissociative disorders as being under the umbrella of
posttraumatic stress disorder from a response to a child's history trauma.
On one side there are those who believe multiple personalities are desperate efforts
of the traumatized to detach from a historic existence. There are also others who
think that DID is a condition contrived by a fantasy-prone, emotionally vulnerable
people, and constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction.
Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa- begins as a weight loss diet, broken by gorging on forbidden
food. Usually adolescents, 9 out of 10 being females drop significantly below there
original weight. They remain obsessed with staying thin and losing weight.
Bulimia nervosa- may also be triggered by a weight loss diet, and also broken by
gorging on forbidden foods. Mostly women in their late teens, early twenties, in a
cycle of repeated episodes, overeating quickly followed by purging (through
vomiting and laxative use), fasting or excessive exercise do this because of their fear
of becoming overweight.
-People that binge eat but do not purge, fast, or exercise excessively usually have
binge-eating disorder.
Eating disorders continued
Genetics may have an influence on people who develop these disorders. Twins are
more likely to share this disorder if they are identical.
Cultural and gender have a great impact as well. The ideal shape has varied over
the decades.
Personality Disorders
There are dysfunctional behavior patterns that impair people’s social functioning.
Personality disorder- psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and
enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
First Cluster- fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes avoidant personality
disorder
Second cluster- expresses eccentric or odd behaviors such as the emotionless
disengagement of the schizoid personality disorder
Third Cluster- exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors, attention getting histrionic
personality disorder and the self-focused narcissistic personality disorder.
Antisocial Personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder (sociopath or psychopath)
● usually male
● lack of conscience
● displays unrestricted sexual behavior
● lies, cheats, steals
● half diagnosed cannot keep a job
● very irresponsible
Antisocial Personality Disorder continued
Criminality is not an essential component of this disorder. Most criminals do not
meet the criteria because they show concern for people who are close to them.
Antisocial personalities behave impulsively, fear little and feel little. People with this
disorder are more susceptible to killing because they have no remorse.
ex; Henry Lee Lucas had killed his first victim at 13 and felt no remorse. He also
confessed to killing 360 men, women, and children
Understanding Antisocial Personality disorder
-comprised of biological and psychological strands
Twin studies revealed that biological relatives of those with antisocial tendencies are
at an increased risk for antisocial behavior. Geneticists have found specific genes
that are more common in this disorder
-they show little to no autonomic nervous system arousal, in stressful situations
-long term studies have shown that their levels of stress hormones were lower than
average before committing their first crime
continued.
there are various ways that antisocial personality disorder is developed.
lack of a deep conditioned fear
child abuse
have 11% less frontal lobe tissue than normal
Bad genes and bad environment alone still did not predispose antisocial behavior,
they predisposed children to be more sensitive to maltreatment.
Exit Ticket
How many eating disorders are there?
Explain them.