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Genetics Terms Genetics • Heredity – passing of traits from one generation to the next. • Genetics – “study of heredity” • Traits – inherited characteristics Genetics • Allele – different copies or forms of a gene controlling a certain trait (eye, hair color) • Dominant – the observed or expressed trait (prevents the expression of a recessive allele) • Recessive – trait that can be hidden by a dominant gene. * not expressed unless homozygous Genetics • Gene – “basic unit of heredity” • Gamete – egg or sperm cells with haploid # of chromosomes (sex cells) • Homozygous – when alleles for a specific trait are the same (BB/bb) • Heterozygous – when alleles for a specific trait are different (Bb) Genetics • Genotype – genetic makeup of an organism. The combo of alleles that an organism inherits for a certain trait. “Letters” (BB, Tt, Dd) • Phenotype – the expression of the genotype or physical appearance that an organism shows. “Look like” (brown, tall, dimples) Genetics • Haploid – (n) ½ the # of chromosomes *having 1 set of chromosomes • Diploid – (2n) 2x’s the haploid # of chromosomes *having 2 sets of chromosomes • Chromosome – a strand of DNA that functions in the transmission of traits. • Zygote – a cell resulting from the union of the gametes *fertilized egg Genetics • Hybrid – organisms that are heterozygous and result from two different pure lines. • Parent generation – 1st generation of parents • F1 generation – 1st generation of offspring • F2 generation – 2nd generation of offspring Genetics • Law of Dominance – when pure organisms are crossed with contrasting traits, all offspring will show the dominant trait. • Law of Segregation – during egg/sperm formation, the pair of genes/alleles for a trait separate so that each gamete has only one of the genes for the trait. Genetics • Law of Independent Assortment – as gametes are formed the genes for various traits separate independtly of each other. Exp….eye color does not influence hair color • Punnett square – indicates ratio of genotypes and phenotypes of possible offspring. • Cross – an exchange of genetic information. Genetics • Test cross – cross an unknown genotype with a known genotype (an individual showing the recessive trait, homozygous recessive) – # 8 in your monohybrid cross List 3 reasons why Gregor Mendel used pea plants 1. Easy to grow/grow fast 2. Easy to pollinate b/c produce 2 distinct sex cells 3. Show sharply contrasting traits (round vs wrinkled, green vs yellow, tall vs short)