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Biology: Bio=life -ology=study of THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know.” Science is a way of knowing. Scientists • use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions from many observations and • deductive reasoning to come up with ways to test a hypothesis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses. • A common example would be the reasoning we use to answer the question, “Why doesn’t a flashlight work?” • Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem is either (1) the bulb or (2) the batteries. • Further, a hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. • In this example, two hypotheses are tested. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Observation Question Hypothesis 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis 2: Burned-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem. Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem. Experiment: Experiment: Test prediction by replacing batteries. Test prediction by replacing bulb. Test falsifies hypothesis. Revise hypothesis or pose new one. Test does not falsify hypothesis. Make additional predictions and test them. Scientists began with a set of observations and generalizations that • poisonous animals are brightly colored and • imposters resemble poisonous species but are actually harmless. Hypothesis: ?????? © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The scientists conducted a controlled experiment, comparing • One control group (what are you comparing your results to) and an experimental group • The groups differed only by one factor © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Percent of total attacks on artificial snakes 100 84% 83% Artificial king snakes 80 Artificial brown snakes 60 40 20 17% 16% 0 Coral snakes absent Coral snakes present Order Reproduction Growth and development Energy processing Response to the environment Regulation Evolutionary adaptations All forms of life share these common properties in order to separate living from non-living As we progress through the levels of biological hierarchy, new properties emerge at each level • Emergent properties In the living world, the whole is indeed more than the sum of its parts. Biosphere- all environments on Earth that support life Ecosystem- all organisms living in a particular area • Abiotic and biotic factors Community- entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem Population- all individuals of a species living in a specific area Organism- an individual living thing Organ system- organs working together for a specific function Organ-a structure that is composed of tissues and that provides a specific function for the organism Tissue-a group of similar cells that perform a specific function CellsOrganellesMolecule- Cells are the level at which the properties of life emerge. A • • • • cell can regulate its internal environment, take in and use energy, respond to its environment, develop and maintain its complex organization, and • give rise to new cells. All cells • are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings and • use DNA as their genetic information. There are two basic types of cells. 1. Prokaryotic cells were the first to evolve, are simpler, and are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. 2. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a nucleus containing DNA, and are found in plants, animals, and fungi. Figure 1.3 Eukaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Prokaryotic cell Membrane Organelles Nucleus (membraneenclosed) DNA (throughout nucleus) Systems Biology seeks to create models of the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems • Basically reducing the amount of information down to a manageable amount to be studied • Looks at the interactions among the parts All activities of organisms are all based on cells • Form fits Function Protein interaction in the cell Outer membrane and cell surface CELL Cytoplasm Nucleus Figure 1.10 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings An organism interacts with its environment (needs order) • Abiotic and biotic Energy=capacity to do work Metabolism • All the chemical reactions that occur in a cell The dynamics of any ecosystem include two major processes: • Cycling of nutrients • The flow of energy Figure 1.4 Ecosystem O2 O2 Sunlight Heat Producers (such as plants) Consumers (such as animals) Chemical energy (food) CO2 Water and minerals taken up by tree roots CO2 Cycling of chemical nutrients Decomposers (in soil) Feedback regulation- the output, or product, of a process regulates that very process • Negative feedback • Positive feedback Examples: • Temperature regulation, plants response in a drought An accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that product thus returning the changing condition back to its set point Examples: • Childbirth, ripening of a fruit, blood clotting The end product speeds up the production until it is no longer needed…just stops “Amplifies” responses #(hashtag)Evolution-genetic generation to generation changes from Changes through the turning on and off of certain genes (even mutations of the genes) • Cancer • CF Diversity in life arises from differences in DNA sequences “Diversity is a hallmark of life” Grouped into 3 domains • 1.8 million species with thousands more being added each year • 10 million-100 million Taxonomy • Branch of biology that names and classifies species, arranges into a hierarchy New Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Consists of prokaryotes Biological Hieracrhy • Domain (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya) • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which articulated two main points. 1. A large amount of evidence supports the idea of evolution, that species living today are descendants of ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent with modification.” 2. Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution. Evolution is a core theme of biology. Evolutionary theory is useful in • medicine, • agriculture, • forensics, and • conservation. Human-caused environmental changes are powerful selective forces that affect the evolution of many species, including • antibiotic-resistant bacteria, • pesticide-resistant pests, • endangered species, and • increasing rates of extinction. Although their goals differ, science and technology are interdependent. • Technological advances stem from scientific research. • Research benefits from new technologies.