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The World of the Romans Chapter 6 Early History Early community built on plain of Latium (Latins) 753 BC - Rome founded along Tiber River Legend of Romulus and Remus – twins raised by a wolf Romulus slays Remus and builds Rome on 7 hills Geography Peninsula Apennine Mountains Fertile Plains (Po Valley) Tyrrhenian Sea (W), Adriatic Sea (E) Geography did NOT divide – More farmland – 18 miles from sea (far enough from raiders) – Juts into Mediterranean - trade Greek & Etruscan Influence Greeks – olives, vineyards, alphabet, architecture, culture, literature Etruscans – toga, organization of army, city of Rome Roman Republic 509 BC – Last Etruscan king defeated Established the Republic Roman Confederation – people could run affairs; hoped to be citizens; provided soldiers Successes – Good diplomats – Firm, cruel when necessary; crushed rebellions – Extended citizenship; allowed to rule own affairs – Practical; built colonies, roads; efficient & effective Republic cont. 2 Consuls elected for 1 year – led armies Senate – 300 – could make laws Patricians – ruling class, great landowners, could be consuls Plebeians – Craftsmen, merchants, small farmers; little power Struggles between the two resulted in more power – Council of the plebs Twelve Tables – Laws written for plebeians Conquest Carthage – founded 800 BC by the Phoenicians Coast of Africa; spread to Sicily, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia Made Romans nervous Led to a series of wars called the Punic Wars Punic Wars 1st (264 BC) Rome built its navy and defeated Carthage; made Sicily Rome’s first province 2nd (218 BC) Hannibal crossed into Spain w/horses, elephants; crossed the Alps (most animals died) Huge toll on Roman Army; Battle of Cannae; Rome invades Carthage – Carthage loses Spain; became another Roman province Punic Wars cont. 3rd – 50 years later Rome totally destroys Carthage; 50,000 sold into slavery; became the province of Africa Later Macedonia, Greece and Asia Minor made provinces Rome is master of the Mediterranean Sea Hannibal’s army crossing the Alps Section 2 – Fall of the Republic Growing inequality and unrest – Senate controlled by small, wealthy few – Small farms forced out by large ones; landless poor, drifting, slave labor Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus wanted land to give to poor; both Senators killed; more instability and violence Army – power shifts to local generals; loyalty to general not to the state Competition for Power Crassus – richest in Rome Pompey – military hero in Spain Julius Caesar – military hero in Spain also Formed First Triumvirate – government by 3 people – Pompey – Spain – Crassus – Syria (killed in Syria) – Caesar – Gaul (France) 1st Triumvirate cont. Senators fear Caesar the most; refused to relinquish his power Crossed the Rubicon into Rome, defeated Pompey 46 BC made dictator; 44 BC dictator for life Reforms – Land to poor, increased Senate to 900 (weakens Senate) – Citizenship to provinces, introduced Egyptian calendar (365 days) – Added colonies and created jobs for Romans; very popular among the people Caesar cont. 44 BC – Senate kills Julius Caesar 2nd Triumvirate: Octavian, Mark Antony, Marcus Lepidus- fails Power struggle – Octavian (grandnephew) and Mark Antony Antony allies w/Cleopatra of Egypt Battle of Actium – Octavian crushes army of Cleopatra & Antony (both commit suicide) End of the Roman Republic! The Roman Empire Roman Empire Octavian given title of Augustus by Senate First Roman Emperor (imperator) Roman legion Praetorian guard to guard emperor Extends power of Rome into Balkans Pushed to Danube; stopped by Germanic tribes Tomb of Augustus Early Empire (14AD – 180AD) Julio-Claudian emperors (Tiberius, Caligula, Caludius, Nero) Period of “good emperors” (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Pius, Marcus Aurelius) Pax Romana – 200 years of peace Power of emperor grew: – Peace, expansion, building projects, public works – Aqueducts, bridges, roads, harbors – Hadrian’s wall in Britain The Pantheon Ceiling of Pantheon Trajan’s Marketplace Early Empire cont. Difficult to maintain empire 3.5 million square miles 50 million people Latin and Greek (west and east) mix and become Greco-Roman culture Trade routes all the way to China! Farming chief occupation; great gap between rich and poor Section 3 – Culture & Society Took writings & art of Greece Educated Greek slaves were tutors Poet – Virgil, Aenid Livy – history of Rome – celebrated Rome’s greatness Law – Natural law based on reason; standards of justice for all (innocent until proven guilty; can defend oneself, etc.) Family Paterfamilias – male was absolute authority Divorce common Some tutors for girls but pushed to marry Changed over time – husband became less powerful Women were respected companions Slavery Common practice – most from Italy and were part of the family After conquest of Mediterranean, more slaves Greeks in demand as tutors, doctors, musicians, artists Horrible conditions for many; revolts, especially in Sicily 73 BC Spartacus leads 70,000; killed and 6,000 followers executed Daily Life Rome crowded and dangerous at night Gap between rich and poor Fires a constant threat No plumbing, heat Magnificent public buildings – temples, baths, markets, theatres, arches, amphitheatres Poor relied on gov’t. grain; malnutrition Daily Life cont. Public shows huge spectacle Circus Maximus – chariot races Theatrical performances Gladiators – most popular shows; fought at the Coliseum Gruesome fights; thousands of animals slaughtered Section 4 - Christianity Romans were polytheistic (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, Mars, etc.) Had household gods also - Vesta Tolerant of other religions Judaea (Jewish kingdom) had been made a Roman province; led by Procurator, a Roman official Conflicts among Jews about cooperation with Rome Christianity Jesus of Nazareth began preaching Importance of not adhering to the letter of the law but transforming the inner self; love God and one another; humility, charity, love Basis for western civilization Some welcomed him as the messiah; upset others Christianity cont. To Romans, seen as a revolutionary who could cause an uprising Denounced on all sides, turned over to Romans Pontius Pilate had him crucified (common method then) Followers said he came back as a savior – Christus (the anointed one) Christianity cont. Paul preached that Jesus came for our sins, therefore, by accepting Jesus, could achieve salvation Passed on in writings – New Testament Christianity grew through the empire (structure of Rome actually helped – roads) Rome grew nervous, Christians refused to worship state gods and emperors Christianity cont. Seen as treason; persecuted intermittently throughout history Nero began widespread persecution Strengthened in 2nd and 3rd centuries Offered much: – Salvation – Gave life meaning beyond daily world – Jesus as human was easy to relate to Christianity cont. – Initiation was baptism, not painful or expensive – Fulfilled human need to belong – Attractive to all classes, especially poor and powerless – Spiritual equality Christianity cont. 4th Century – Constantine became the first Christian emperor 313 – Edict of Milan gave tolerance of Christianity Theodosius the Great (378-395) – Christianity becomes official religion of the Roman empire Section 5 – Decline of Rome Invasions, civil wars Trade declines, farms decline, plague Financial strain – had to pay armies more Diocletian and Constantine tried to make reforms Divided into 4 regions Enlarged army; mobile units including Germans Built Constantinople (Byzantium) new capital More $ needed to pay for civil service, army Bureaucracy Constantine’s Arch Decline cont. After Constantine, west under increasing pressure from invaders Huns from Asia moved into Europe, put pressure on German Visigoths; moved into Rome as allies, soon revolted 410 – Vandals sacked Rome (Rome sacked several times) 476 – Romulus Augustus deposed by German army; considered end of Rome Reasons for Decline Christian emphasis on spirituality weakened military virtues Traditional Roman values declined Lead poisoning (pipes) Plague Failed to advance technologically due to slavery Unable to put together a workable political system East remained free from invasion for 1,000 years (Byzantine Empire) Legacy of Rome Law – codified laws, impartial and humane (all are equal before the law, guaranteed legal protection) Architecture – roads, bridges, aqueducts, majestic marble buildings, arch, dome, column; Coliseum Language – Latin is root of romance languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese) Preserved intellectual heritage of the Greeks Greco-Roman