Download Darwin`s Theory of Evolution

UNIT V
Chapter 15
Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution
I.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
(theory-well supported explanation of phenomena
that have occurred in the natural world.
Evolution- change over time- (microevolution vs.
macroevolution) process by which organisms
have descended from ancient organisms
A. The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity
1. Voyage of the Beagle (1831)- Charles
Darwin (born 1809) set sail around the world as
naturalist to collect organisms and make
observations
2. Darwin’s observationsobserved great diversity of
organisms. Puzzled by variety.
a. Living organisms and fossilsobserved remains of ancient
organisms (fossils). Started to
pose questions?
b. Galápagos Islands- This stop influenced
Darwin the most. Realized that habitat
determined physical characteristics of organism
that lived there. Varied from island to island
3. The Journey Home- spent time reviewing
his findings. He had collected thousands of
specimens, fossils, pages of notes
B. Ideas that shaped
Darwin’s thinkingnumerous discoveries
had turned up important
pieces of evidence
challenging traditional
view of life.
1. An Ancient, Changing Earth- scientist
beginning to discover Earth is very old.
a. James Hutton
(1795)- geologist said
slow processes
shaped mountains,
valleys, rocks (millions
of years)
b. Charles Lyell- book “Principles of
Geology” greatly influenced Darwin. Said
scientists must explain past events in terms
of processes they can actually observe
(same processes still shaping the Earth
today). Darwin thought “If Earth can
change over time, might life change as
well”
2. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution- among first
scientist to recognize living things change over
time- also realized that organisms adapted to their
environment.
a. Theory stated- by selective use or
disuse of organs, organisms acquired
certain traits during their lifetime. These
traits could be passed on to offspring
1). Tendency towards perfectionsaid organisms have innate
tendency toward complexity and
perfection
2). Theory incorrect in several
ways- important because paved
way for work of other biologists
3. Population growth- Thomas
Malthus- said crowding, over
population, and disease limited
the growth of populations.
Darwin realized that this applied
to plants and animalsoverwhelming majority of
species offspring die
C. Darwin presents his case
1. Publication of “On the Origin of Species”
(1859)
a. Spent 25 years going over data and
observations
b. Proposed mechanism for evolution- called
natural selection- survival of the fittest
2. Darwin’s explantation
a. Natural variationsaid variation present in
all types of organisms
b. Artificial selection- study of English farmers
and breeders led to some of Darwin’s greatest
progresses towards macroevolutionary theory
Artificial selection- humans select from among
the naturally occurring variations in a species.
This can lead to great differences (labs vs.
poodles)
c. Evolution by Natural Selection- Darwin’s
hypothesis to explain how evolution occurs
1). The struggle for existence- members
from each species compete for food, living
space, other necessities of life.
2). Survival of the Fittest- individuals better
suited to their environment survive and
reproduce most successfully. (Over time,
natural selection causes a change in inherited
characteristics of a population) Does that mean
the traits for not being “fit” are lost?
Before the industrial revolution, soot was rare in the
English countryside. A light-colored moth was
difficult to see against the clean bark. Incidentally a
hoax.
Which moth would most likely be noticed by a
hungry bird?
3). Descent with Modification- Darwin proposed
that over long periods of time natural selection
produces organisms with different structures that
occupy different niches or habitats.
4). Common Descent –All of these things imply
that there is a “tree of life” that links all living
things on Earth
3. Evidence of Evolutiona. Fossil Record- fossil evidence in different
layers of rock showed gradual change over time.
Youngest fossils
Oldest fossils
b. Geographic distribution of living speciessimilar organisms in different locations were
product of different lines of evolutionary descent.
Similar ecological conditions- similar
pressures of natural selection
c. Homologous body structures- structural
features with common evolutionary origins
d. Vestigial structures- some homologous
structures no longer serve important function.
Reduced in size (“vestiges”)
Forelimbs of extinct
elephant bird are vestigial
structures
e. Similarities in Early developmentsimilarities suggest an evolutionary relationship
Gill pouches and tails
appear during early
stages- remnants of
structures needed by
our aquatic ancestors.
During later stagesprofound changes
occur.
f. Biochemistry- similarities in DNA and RNA
help to determine evolutionary relationships
between species
Chimp chromosomes (24 pair)
Human chromosomes (23 pair)
Chapter 15
Darwin’s Theory
of Evolution
During the voyage of the Beagle, many of
Darwin's observations were made
a.
in England.
b.
in North America.
c.
on the Galápagos Islands.
d.
in Africa.
During the voyage of the Beagle, many of
Darwin's observations were made
a.
in England.
b.
in North America.
c.
on the Galápagos Islands.
d.
in Africa.
The species of finches that Darwin found on the
Galápagos Islands displayed different structural
adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin
noted was the
a.
similarities of the birds' embryos.
b.
birds' differently shaped beaks.
c.
length of the birds' necks.
d.
number of eggs in each bird's nest.
The species of finches that Darwin found on the
Galápagos Islands displayed different structural
adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin
noted was the
a.
similarities of the birds' embryos.
b.
birds' differently shaped beaks.
c.
length of the birds' necks.
d.
number of eggs in each bird's nest.
Hutton and Lyell's work suggested that
a.
Earth is millions of years old.
b.
Earth is several thousand years old.
c.
fossils are not the remains of living things.
d.
all rocks on Earth contain fossils.
Hutton and Lyell's work suggested that
a.
Earth is millions of years old.
b.
Earth is several thousand years old.
c.
fossils are not the remains of living things.
d.
all rocks on Earth contain fossils.
Hutton and Lyell's work was important to Darwin
because it
a.
was the first to attempt to explain
catastrophic events such as earthquakes.
b.
completely explained the nature of all
geologic events on Earth.
c.
suggested that Earth was old enough for
evolution to have occurred.
d.
refuted the work of Wallace, which relied
on misunderstandings about geology.
Hutton and Lyell's work was important to Darwin
because it
a.
was the first to attempt to explain
catastrophic events such as earthquakes.
b.
completely explained the nature of all
geologic events on Earth.
c.
suggested that Earth was old enough
for evolution to have occurred.
d.
refuted the work of Wallace, which relied
on misunderstandings about geology.
Which is a major concept included in Lamarck's
theory of evolution?
a.
Change is the result of mutations.
b.
Body structure can change according to
the needs of the organism.
c.
Selection pressures decrease the rate of
evolution.
d.
Sexual reproduction is the genetic basis
for variations.
Which is a major concept included in Lamarck's
theory of evolution?
a.
Change is the result of mutations.
b.
Body structure can change according
to the needs of the organism.
c.
Selection pressures decrease the rate of
evolution.
d.
Sexual reproduction is the genetic basis
for variations.
The economist Malthus suggested that
a.
people die faster than babies are born.
b.
babies are born faster than people die.
c.
in the 1700s, Earth was overrun by
people.
d.
in the 2000s, the seas will be overrun by
oysters.
The economist Malthus suggested that
a.
people die faster than babies are born.
b.
babies are born faster than people die.
c.
in the 1700s, Earth was overrun by
people.
d.
in the 2000s, the seas will be overrun by
oysters.
Darwin was prompted to publish his theory of
evolution by
a.
an essay by Wallace on evolution.
b.
the publication of Lamarck's theory of
evolution.
c.
the vice governor of the Galápagos
Islands.
d.
his wife.
Darwin was prompted to publish his theory of
evolution by
a.
an essay by Wallace on evolution.
b.
the publication of Lamarck's theory of
evolution.
c.
the vice governor of the Galápagos
Islands.
d.
his wife.
When Darwin returned from the voyage of the
Beagle, he
a.
immediately publish his theory of
evolution.
b.
realized his theory of evolution was wrong.
c.
waited many years to publish his theory of
evolution.
d.
copied the evolutionary theory of Wallace.
When Darwin returned from the voyage of the
Beagle, he
a.
immediately publish his theory of
evolution.
b.
realized his theory of evolution was wrong.
c.
waited many years to publish his
theory of evolution.
d.
copied the evolutionary theory of Wallace.
When a farmer breeds only his or her best
livestock, the process involved is
a.
natural selection.
b.
artificial selection.
c.
artificial variation.
d.
survival of the fittest.
When a farmer breeds only his or her best
livestock, the process involved is
a.
natural selection.
b.
artificial selection.
c.
artificial variation.
d.
survival of the fittest.
According to Darwin's theory of natural
selection, individuals who survive are most likely
the ones best adapted to exist in their
environment. Their survival is due to the
a.
possession of structures developed
through use.
b.
possession of adaptations that maximize
fitness.
c.
lack of competition within the species.
d.
ability to change their genotype.
According to Darwin's theory of natural
selection, individuals who survive are most likely
the ones best adapted to exist in their
environment. Their survival is due to the
a.
possession of structures developed
through use.
b.
possession of adaptations that
maximize fitness.
c.
lack of competition within the species.
d.
ability to change their genotype.
An adaptation is a characteristic that can be
physical or
a.
behavioral.
b.
geographical.
c.
acquired.
d.
that does not affect fitness.
An adaptation is a characteristic that can be
physical or
a.
behavioral.
b.
geographical.
c.
acquired.
d.
that does not affect fitness.
When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some
antelope are eliminated. Which part of Darwin's
theory of evolution may be used to describe this
situation?
a.
acquired characteristics
b.
reproductive isolation
c.
survival of the fittest
d.
speciation due to mutations
When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some
antelope are eliminated. Which part of Darwin's
theory of evolution may be used to describe this
situation?
a.
acquired characteristics
b.
reproductive isolation
c.
survival of the fittest
d.
speciation due to mutations
According to Darwin's theory of natural
selection, the individuals that tend to survive are
those that have
a.
characteristics their parents acquired by
use and disuse.
b.
undergone mutations.
c.
the smallest number of offspring.
d.
variations best suited to the environment.
According to Darwin's theory of natural
selection, the individuals that tend to survive are
those that have
a.
characteristics their parents acquired by
use and disuse.
b.
undergone mutations.
c.
the smallest number of offspring.
d.
variations best suited to the
environment.
What is evolution?
a.
the increased reproductive success of the
fittest individuals
b.
the diminished reproductive success of
poorly adapted individuals
c.
the change in the inherited characteristics
of a population
d.
the struggle for existence undergone by all
living things
What is evolution?
a.
the increased reproductive success of the
fittest individuals
b.
the diminished reproductive success of
poorly adapted individuals
c.
the change in the inherited
characteristics of a population
d.
the struggle for existence undergone by all
living things
The pelvis and femur of the whale shown in
Figure _____________.
a.
allow the whale to walk.
b.
are vestigial structures.
c.
are acquired traits.
d.
are not inherited.
The pelvis and femur of the whale shown in
Figure _______________.
a.
allow the whale to walk.
b.
are vestigial structures.
c.
are acquired traits.
d.
are not inherited.
The observation by Darwin that finches of
different species on the Galápagos Islands have
many similar physical characteristics supports
the conclusion that these finches
a.
have the ability to interbreed.
b.
acquired traits through use and disuse.
c.
all eat the same type of food.
d.
originated from a common ancestor.
The observation by Darwin that finches of
different species on the Galápagos Islands have
many similar physical characteristics supports
the conclusion that these finches
a.
have the ability to interbreed.
b.
acquired traits through use and disuse.
c.
all eat the same type of food.
d.
originated from a common ancestor.
The number and location of bones of many
fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living
vertebrates. Most evolutionary biologists would
probably explain this on the basis of
a.
the needs of the organism.
b.
a common ancestor.
c.
a chance occurrence.
d.
the inheritance of acquired traits.
The number and location of bones of many
fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living
vertebrates. Most evolutionary biologists would
probably explain this on the basis of
a.
the needs of the organism.
b.
a common ancestor.
c.
a chance occurrence.
d.
the inheritance of acquired traits.
The theory that organisms evolve, or change,
over time by natural selection was proposed by
a.
Hutton.
b.
Lamarck.
c.
Malthus.
d.
Darwin.
The theory that organisms evolve, or change,
over time by natural selection was proposed by
a.
Hutton.
b.
Lamarck.
c.
Malthus.
d.
Darwin.
Which statement is in agreement with Darwin's
theory of evolution?
a.
More offspring are produced than can
possibly survive.
b.
The organisms that are the fittest are
always largest.
c.
Number of offspring is not related to
fitness.
d.
Acquired characteristics are inherited.
Which statement is in agreement with Darwin's
theory of evolution?
a.
More offspring are produced than can
possibly survive.
b.
The organisms that are the fittest are
always largest.
c.
Number of offspring is not related to
fitness.
d.
Acquired characteristics are inherited.
Which phrase best defines evolution by natural
selection?
a.
an adaptation of an organism to its
environment
b.
a sudden replacement of one community
by another
c.
a geographic or reproductive isolation of
organisms
d.
a process of change in organisms over a
period of time
Which phrase best defines evolution by natural
selection?
a.
an adaptation of an organism to its
environment
b.
a sudden replacement of one community
by another
c.
a geographic or reproductive isolation of
organisms
d.
a process of change in organisms over
a period of time
The following dog breeds were produced by the
process known as ______________.
The following dog breeds were produced by the
process known as artificial selection
The diagram below represents what type of
structures?
The diagram below represents what type of
structures?
Homologous structures
What is the name of the book in which Charles
Darwin presented his theory of evolution?
What is the name of the book in which Charles
Darwin presented his theory of evolution?
The Origin of Species