Download Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Chapter 5
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety vs. fear
• ______ = response to serious, known threat
• ______ = response to vague sense of threat or danger
• same physiological features
Panic Disorder
• “_________”
– periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak,
and pass
– no REAL threat…
• Unexpected (_______) Attacks
• Situationally Bound (______) Attack
• ______________________
• Panic Disorder:
– panic attacks repeatedly and unexpectedly and without apparent
reason
• Worry about having an attack; plan
• Often accompanied by agoraphobia
– _______________________
• Panic disorder with (or without) agoraphobia
Biological Perspective
• panic reactions are related to changes in
__________________
• Inherited biological predisposition? Drug therapies
– Antidepressants and some benzodiazepines (_____________)
• When drug therapy is stopped, symptoms return
– (medications + ____________ therapy) - may be most effective
Cognitive-behavioral Perspective
• (____________) overly sensitive to certain bodily
sensations and may misinterpret them (medical catastrophe)
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Poor coping skills
Lack of social support
Unpredictable childhoods
Overly-protective parents
• ____________ response – associate bodily sensations with
previous panic responses
Treatments
• Panic Control Therapy
– correct _________________ of their bodily sensations
– Relaxation training
• “______________” procedures to induce panic sensations
Phobias
• Persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities,
or situations (immediate fear)
• often avoid the object or thoughts about it
Specific Phobias
What Causes Phobias?
• Behavioral
– Conditioning
– Modeling (Observation & imitation)
– Phobias may develop into GAD
___________________________________________
• Biological
– _________________
• Species-specific biological predisposition to develop certain fears
Treatments for Specific Phobias
• Systematic Desensitization
– Since relaxation is incompatible with fear, the relaxation response is
thought to substitute for the fear response
– ___________ desensitization ( Live) ; Covert desensitization – (________)
• Flooding
– __________________________
• Modeling
• Graduated Exposure – confront small situations
• __________ Stopping
Social Phobias
• Severe, persistent, and unreasonable fears of social or performance
situations in which embarrassment may occur
• Behavioral treatments
– ______________________________
– social skills & __________________
• Cognitive therapies
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• excessive anxiety under most circumstances and constant
worrying
– Vague, intense concerns and fearfulness
• free-floating” anxiety
– “Danger” not a factor
– Sleeplessness, irritability, fatigue, muscle tension
• Symptoms last at least six months
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• ___________
– Persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images
• ____________ (rituals)
– Repeated and rigid behaviors or mental acts
prevent/reduce anxiety
performed in order to
• Diagnosis made when symptoms:
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–
–
–
_______________________
cause great distress
consume considerable time
or interfere with daily functions
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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Obsessions associated with checking compulsions.
Need for ____________________.
Obsessions about cleanliness associated with washing compulsions.
Hoarding-related behaviors.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
treatment with clomipramine or other serotonin reuptake
inhibiting medications, such a fluoxetine (Prozac), is the most
effective biological treatment available for OCD.
Other approaches to OCD
• Behavioral Therapy
– __________________________ (ERP)
• repeatedly exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli and
prevented from responding with compulsions
• Therapists often model the behavior
• Cognitive perspective
– __________________________
TRAUMA
Stress Disorders
• Occurs after an event that would be traumatic to anyone
• ____________________
– Symptoms begin within 4 weeks of event and last for less than 1 month
• __________________________
– Symptoms can begin at any time following the event but must last for longer
than 1 month
Symptoms
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Depersonalization
dissociative amnesia
Hypervigilance
numbing
intense anxiety
impairment of everyday functioning
Treatment of Trauma-Induced Disorders
• Medication
• “Covering”
• “Uncovering”
Most studies on
obsessions and compulsions indicate
that
• A. obsessions generally occur in the absence of compulsions.
• B. compulsions generally occur in the absence of obsessions.
• C. obsessions and compulsions generally occur together.
• D. there is no relation between obsessions and compulsions.
Rita suffers from a panic disorder. After she begins
exercising her heart rate increases. A cognitive theorist
would predict that Rita would
• A. interpret the increased heart rate in a catastrophic way.
• B. Experience a surge of anxiety after interpreting the heart rate increase as
something dangerous.
• C. Be likely to experience a panic attack if she interprets any additional
physical sensations as signs of increasing danger.
• D. All of the above
Elliot constantly worries about his health, finances, and his marriage. Often,
his worries keep him awake at night, causing extreme daytime fatigue. His wife
has become frustrated with him because he is so preoccupied with his worries.
His likely diagnosis is:
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Panic disorder
Simple phobia
Social phobia
Generalized anxiety disorder