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Cellular Respiration
Study Guide Answers
1. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids
2. photophosphorylation is found in photosynthesis and is the process of
making ATP from ADP and a phosphate, by means of a proton motive
force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during
the light reactions of photosynthesis.
3. catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler
compounds often with the release of energy. An example would be the
breaking down or catabolism of glucose into pyruvate.
4. anabolism is the biosynthesis or making of a molecule. An example
would be making a monosaccharide into a disaccharide. Building up a
molecule.
5. oxidative phosphorylation is the production of ATP using energy
derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
6. Lactic acid fermentation is anaerobic respiration in which Glycolysis
occurs but due to the lack of oxygen this regenerates NAD+ which is
needed for Glycolysis. No CO2 is produced and this only produces ATP
from Glycolysis and NADH. Lactic acid fermentation is used in
industry to make cheese and yogurt, by bacteria and certain fungi. We
experience this when we over exercise certain muscle groups and
experience muscle pain, fatigue and cramping. Luckily it is gradually
carried away by the blood to the liver. Lactate is then changed back
to pyruvate by the liver cells.
7. alcoholic fermentation is anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is
converted to ethyl alcohol in two steps. Glycolysis will occur but again
due to lack of oxygen the Krebs cycle does not occur. Instead carbon
dioxide gas is released from the pyruvate which the 3 carbon
compound becomes a 2 carbon compound acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde
is then reduced by NADH to ethyl alcohol. This then regenerates
NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate.
8. NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide a coenzyme present in all
cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox
reactions of metabolism. Electron carrier.
9. glyco= sugar lysis = is to split or break. It is the splitting of glucose
to pyruvate. It is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living
cells, it is the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.
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10. anaerobic respiration is lacking oxygen, this is a cellular process that
lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.
aerobic respiration is a cellular process in which oxygen is present.
11. oxaloacetic acid is a four carbon compound that is continually
regenerated in cellular respiration. It is like RuBP in photosynthesis.
It comes together with acetyl CoA to form citric acid.
12. Ethyl alcohol is made when oxygen is not present and yeast cells go
through Glycolysis but instead of going into the Krebs cycle, carbon
dioxide gas is released from the pyruvate which the 3 carbon
compound becomes a 2 carbon compound acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde
is then reduced by NADH to ethyl alcohol. This then regenerates
NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate.
13. Lactic acid fermentation is anaerobic respiration in which Glycolysis
occurs but due to the lack of oxygen this regenerates NAD+ which is
needed for Glycolysis. No CO2 is produced and this only produces ATP
from Glycolysis and NADH. Lactic acid fermentation is used in
industry to make cheese and yogurt, by bacteria and certain fungi. We
experience this when we over exercise certain muscle groups and
experience muscle pain, fatigue and cramping. Luckily it is gradually
carried away by the blood to the liver. Lactate is then changed back
to pyruvate by the liver cells.
14. 4 ATP’s are made however 2 ATP at the beginning are used up, to
start up Glycolysis. Therefore only 2 ATP’s are made in Glycolysis.
15. 2 ATP’s are made in the Krebs cycle because there are 2 pyruvates
that are changed into 2 acetyl CoA’s. One turn of the Kreb’s cycle only
uses 1 acetyl CoA at a time. Therefore one glucose molecule will take
two turns of the Kreb’s cycle making 2 ATP’s.
16. 34 ATP’ s are made in the electron transport chain which is the most
proficient.
17. There are 2 kinds of redox reactions:
1. oxidation—OIL loss of an electron
2. reduction—RIG gain of an electron
This is when electrons are passed along the electron transport chain
when one carrier loses an electron as the other carrier gains it.
18. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + SUNLIGHT ENERGY  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
19. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 36 ADP + 36 Pi  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
20. Plants go through both photosynthesis and respiration. In plants sugars are
produced in chloroplasts. These sugars can be stored in the plant for later
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use then converted to other chemicals or they can be broken down in aerobic
respiration to make ATP for the plant to use to meet its energy needs.
21. We only go through respiration.
22. ATP is adenosine tri phosphate a high energy molecule.
23. oxaloacetic acid and acetyl CoA come together to form citric acid.
24. ATP synthesis is the addition of a third phosphate group to ADP.
25. Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, Electron Transport Chain
26. During Glycolysis glucose is broken down to 2 three carbon molecules called
pyruvate.
27. Your muscles experience fatigue, cramping and soreness
28. Substrate level phosphorylation is the when an enzyme transfers a
phosphate group from a substrate ( organic molecule like the catabolism
(break down) of glucose) to ADP. An example would be found in Glycolysis
and the Krebs cycle. Note that in the electron transport chain we call it
oxidative phosphorylation.
29. 6 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 FADH2, is transferred to the electron
transport chain. NADH is the big energy carrier here!!
30. acetyl CoA is the compound in which pyruvate from Glycolysis is
changed to. It is the entry compound for the Krebs cycle.
31. 2 pyruvates
32. 6 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 FADH2, 4 CO2
33. 34 ATP’s, NAD, H2O, FAD
34. Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway (break down) in which
glucose is broken down to make ATP and in the process oxygen is
consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. It is a process in
which energy is made from the bonds of food molecules!!
35. The electrons fall to oxygen which is the final acceptor due to its
high electronegativity. Oxygen then hooks up with hydrogen and
becomes water.
36. pyruvate
37. NADH
38. ATP
39. oxidative respiration is an aerobic (with oxygen) chemical reaction
that follows Glycolysis and that produces large amounts of ATP
40.
2 ATP Glycolysis
2 ATP Krebs Cycle
34 ATP Electron Transport Chain
38 Total ATP’s
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