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CHAPTER 22 22.1 STUDENT NOTES How Does the Body Defend against Invasion? (Figure 22-1) A. The _________ and _____________ ______________ Are Nonspecific External Barriers to Invasion 1. The ________ is an inhospitable environment for ______________ growth 2. ________, _________ _________, and _____________ defend mucous membranes against microbes (Figure 22-2) B. ___________________ Internal Defenses Combat ____________ 1. __________________ cells and natural killer cells destroy invading microbes (Figure 22-3) 2. The inflammatory response defends against _________ ___________ (Figure 22-4) 3. ____________ combats large-scale infections 22.2 What Are the Key Characteristics of the Immune System? A. The Immune System Consists of ________ and _____________ Dispersed throughout the Body (Table 22-1) B. Immune Cells Originate in the __________ _____________ 22.2 How Does the Immune System Recognize Invaders? A. ______________ _________Recognize Invaders’ Complex Molecules 1. Foreign invaders exhibit ________________ ___________ B. __________________ and ____-________ Receptors Recognize and Bind to Antigens 1. Antibodies both _____________ and help ___________ ___________ (Figure 22-5) 2. T-cell receptors recognize invaders and help trigger the _____________ ______________ C. The ____________System Can Recognize Millions of Different Molecules 1. Antibody genes are assembled from several segments of _________ (Figure 22-7) 2. _________________ are not tailor-made for antigens D. The Immune System Distinguishes “Self ” from “Non-Self ” 22.4 How Does the Immune System Launch an Attack? A. An ______________ Response Takes Time to Develop (Figure 22-8) B. ______________ Immunity Is Produced by ______________ Dissolved in _____________ (Figure 22-9) 1. Humoral antibodies have __________ modes of ____________ (Figure 2210) 2. Humoral immunity __________ invaders that are _____________ cells C. ______-_____________ Immunity Is Produced by _______________ T Cells D. Both Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Are Enhanced by ___________ ___ Cells (Figure 22-13) 22.5 How Does the Immune System Remember Its Past Victories? (Figure 22-14) 22.6 How Does Medical Care Assist the Immune Response? A. Antibiotics Slow Down _____________ ________________ B. __________________ Stimulate the Development of ____________ Cells 22.7 What Happens When the Immune System Malfunctions? A. Allergies Are _________________ _____________ Responses (Figure 22-15) B. An _______________ _______________ _____________ Is an Immune Response against the Body’s Own Cells C. ___________________ _______________Diseases Occur When the Body Cannot Mount an Effective Immune Response against Invaders 1. Severe combined immune deficiency 2. _______________immune deficiency syndrome (Figure 22-16) 22.8 How Does the Immune System Combat Cancer? A. Most _________________ __________ Are Recognized as Foreign (Figure 22-17) B. Treatments for Cancer Depend on _________________ and Selectively ________ _______________ Cells