Download II. Beta oxidation of fatty acid

BLUEPRINT OF THE CORE TOPICS IN BIOCHEMISTRY
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID CHEMISTRY
I. AMINO ACIDS
- General structure of an L--amino acid
- Classification of the 20 naturally occurring L--amino acids
- Functions of amino acids
- Physical and chemical properties of amino acids
- Formation of the peptide bond
II. PROTEINS
- Functions of proteins
- Classification based on composition, shape and function
- 4 levels of structural organization – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
- Changes brought about by denaturation of proteins
- Steps in protein analysis
- General principles behind the use of chromatography and electrophoresis in the
separation, purification and identification of proteins and amino acids
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
_B__1. This is an uncharged, polar amino acid:
A. Valine
B. Cysteine
C. Alanine
D. Aspartic acid
_A__2. The naturally occurring tranquilizer of the body is derived from this amino acid:
A. Glutamic acid B. Glycine
C. Histidine D. Arginine
_C__3. At its isoelectric point, an amino acid is:
A. fully protonated
B. fully ionized C. uncharged
D. a good buffer
_B__4. The secondary level of protein structure is maintained by:
A. Peptide bonds between amino acid residues
B. Hydrogen bonds between peptide bonds
C. Hydrogen bonds between R groups of amino acids
D. all of the above
_C__5. The most visible effect of denaturation on proteins is:
A. decreased levorotation
C. decreased solubility
B. increased digestibility
D. loss of biologic function
_D__6. This reaction is used to determine the N-terminal amino acid in a peptide chain:
A. Reaction with lithium borohydride
C. Hydrazinolysis
B. Reaction with cyanogen bromide
D. Reaction with danzyl chloride
_A__7. The basis of separation of amino acids subjected to paper chromatography:
A. differences in solubility
C. differences in charge
B. differences in size
D. differences in polarity
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM
I. Digestion of dietary proteins
II. Mechanisms of absorption of amino acids
III. Central role of the liver in protein and amino acid metabolism
IV. Essential vs non-essential amino acids – nutritional differences
Complete vs incomplete protein
V. Ways of catabolizing an amino acid
A. oxidative deamination
D. decarboxylation
B. non-oxidative deamination
E. oxygenation
C. transamination
F. one-carbon transfer
VI. Biochemical mechanisms by which the body handles or detoxifies ammonia
A. Reversed glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
B. Glutamine formation
C. Urea formation – Urea cycle
- Rate-limiting steps and enzymes
- Control steps
- Inborn errors related to urea synthesis
D. Asparagine formation
VII. Ammonia intoxication
- causes
- metabolic pathways affected
- mechanism behind the occurrence of coma in severe liver disease
- principle behind the management of ammonia intoxication
VIII. Metabolic fates of the carbon skeletons of amino acids
- glucogenic amino acids
- ketogenic amino acids
IX. Miscellaneous catabolic pathways of each amino acid
- important substances derived from each amino acid
- inborn errors of metabolism related to each amino acid
X. Nitrogen balance
- Physiological or disease states which lead to + or negative nitrogen balance
- Metabolic processes which contribute to the maintenance of nitrogen balance
QUESTIONS on PROTEIN and AMINO ACID METABOLISM
_B__8. This could be a limiting amino acid in an incomplete protein:
A. Glutamic acid B. tryptophan C. asparagine
D. Serine
_A__9. The most active enzyme involved in oxidative deamination:
A. Glutamate dehydrogenase
C. glutaminase
B. glutamine synthetase
D. L-amino acid oxidase
_C__10. This amino acid does not undergo transamination:
A. Valine
B. Glutamine
C. Lysine
D. Arginine
_D__11. Major means by which the brain detoxifies ammonia:
A. Urea formation
C. asparagine formation
B. reversed glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
D. glutamine formation
_A__12. This enzyme of the urea cycle requires N-acetylglutamate as positive modulator:
A. carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
C. Ornithine transcarbamylase
B. argininosuccinase
D. arginase
_C__13. The immediate cause of coma occurring in severe liver disease is the depletion of this
substance in the cell:
A. glutamine
B. glutamic acid C. -ketoglutarate
D. oxaloacetate
_B__14. This amino acid is both glucogenic and ketogenic:
A. Phenylalanine B. Valine
C. Histidine
D. Arginine
_D__15. Cause(s) of PKU:
A. Deficiency of phenylalanine monooxygenase
C. deficiency of NADPH
B. deficiency of dihydrobiopterin reductase
D. all of the above
_A__16. This inborn error related to methionine metabolism is manifested by skeletal
deformities and dislocation of the lens of the eyes:
A. Homocystinuria
B. Cystinosis C. Cystathioninuria D. Cystinuria
_C__17. All of the following conditions are characterized by negative nitrogen balance,
EXCEPT:
A. prolonged illness
C. convalescence
B. metabolic stress
D. intake of poor quality protein
LIPID CHEMISTRY
A General structure of the different types of lipid
B. Classification of the different lipids
C. Functions
D. Physical and chemical properties
Questions on Lipid chemistry
_D__18. Structural characteristics of cardiolipin:
A. one glycerol, two fatty acids and phosphoric acid
B. three glycerol, two phosphoric acid and 3 fatty acids
C. two glycerol, two phosphoric acid and 4 fatty acids
D. three glycerol, two phosphoric acid and 4 fatty acids
_B__19. Which form of lipid acts as storage form of energy?
A. phospholipids
C. cholesterol
B. triacylglycerides
D. sphingolipids
_A__20. Which among the lipoproteins is responsible for exogenous transport of triglycerides?
A. chylomicrons
C. Low density lipoproteins
B. Very low density lipoproteins D. High density lipoproteins
_B__21. Which among the eicosanoids can promote platelet aggregation?
A. prostacyclin
C. Leukotrienes
B. thromboxane
D. Prostaglandins
_A__22. Lipid that acts as surfactant and deficient in cases of Respiratory Distress syndrome:
A. lecithin
B. cephalin
C. cardiolipin
D. lysolecithin
Lipid Metabolism
Blueprint and Questions
I. Fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis)
_B__ 23. Which of the following is the end-product of extramitochondrial lipogenesis?
A. oleic acid
C. palmitoleic acid
B. palmitic acid
D. stearic acid
_D__ 24. The rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of fatty acid is the formation of:
A. acetyl CoA
C. butyryl CoA
B. acetoacetyl CoA
D. malonyl CoA
II. Beta oxidation of fatty acid
_A__ 25. Thiolytic cleavage of two carbon atoms from the fatty acid results in the release of:
A. acetyl CoA
B. succinyl CoA C. propionyl CoA
D. malonyl CoA
_C__ 26. Which of the following is the committed step in beta oxidation?
A. activation of fatty acid
C. carnitine transport
B. oxidative step
D. ketothiolysis
III. Cholesterol biosynthesis
_C__ 27. Which of these enzymes catalyze the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis?
A. HMG-CoA synthase
C. HMG-CoA reductase
B. HMG-CoA oxidase
D. HMG-CoA acetylase
_B__ 28. The most expensive stage in the biosynthesis of cholesterol is the formation of:
A. mevalonate
C. squalene
B. isopentenyl pyrophosphate
D. lanosterol
IV. Lipoprotein metabolism
_D__ 29. Which of the following lipoproteins transport dietary lipids in the blood?
A. HDL B. VLDL
C. LDL D. chylomicron
_A__ 30. The reverse transport of cholesterol in the blood is the function of:
A. alpha lipoprotein
C. prebeta lipoprotein
B. beta lipoprotein
D. intermediate density lipoprotein
V. Lipolysis
_A__ 31. Which of the following hormones is antilipolytic?
A. insulin
B. thyroxine
C. epinephrine D. glucagon
_C__ 32. Which one is the major regulatory enzyme in lipolysis?
A. lipoprotein lipase
C. hormone-sensitive lipase
B. pancreatic lipase
D. hepatic lipase
VI. Triacylglycerol synthesis
_B__ 33. In the adipose tissue, the source of glycerol 3-phosphate for triglyceride synthesis
is obtained from this glycolytic intermediate.
A. glucose 6-phosphate
C. 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
B. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
D. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
VII. Ketogenesis
_D__ 34. Which of the following ketone bodies is synthesized by the action of HMG-CoA
lyase?
A. acetone
C. pyruvic acid
B. beta-hydroxybutyric acid
D. acetoacetic acid
VIII. Phospholipid metabolism
_A__ 35. The action of phospholipase C results in the:
A. formation of second messengers of hormones
B. release of arachidonic acid
C. synthesis of lysophospholipid
D. release of long-chain saturated fatty acid
IX. Sphingolipid metabolism
_C__ 36. All sphingolipids are synthesized from which of the following precursors?
A. glycerol
B. phosphatidic C. ceramide
D. cholesterol
X. Eicosanoid metabolism
_B__ 37. All of the following are products of the action of cyclooxygenase, EXCEPT:
A. prostaglandin B. leukotriene
C. thromboxane D. prostacyclin
ENZYME CHEMISTRY
I. Mechanism of action
_A__ 38. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by:
A. lowering the energy of activation of the reactants
B. increasing the temperature of the medium
C. altering the pH of the reaction
D. changing the equilibrium constant of the reaction
II. Coenzymes
_C__ 39. Which of the following coenzymes is important in carboxylation reaction?
A. pyridoxal phosphate B. tetrahydrofolic acid C. biotin D. cobalamin
III. Enzyme inhibition
_D__ 40. Which type of inhibitor increases the Km but does not affect the Vmax of
the reaction?
A. irreversible
B. noncompetitive
C. uncompetitive D. competitive
IV. Classification
_B__ 41. Digestive enzymes are classified as:
A. oxidoreductases
B. hydrolases
C. isomerases D. transferases
V. Clinical application of enzymes
_A__ 42. Inhibition of this enzyme by nucleoside analogs is one of the therapeutic regimens
of AIDS.
A. reverse transcriptase
C. restriction endonuclease
B. protease
D. primase
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY
General structure of the common sugars
Classification of carbohydrates
Physical and chemical properties of carbohydrates
Distribution and functions of carbohydrates
Importance of carbohydrates in nutrition, medicine and dentistry
QUESTIONS FOR CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY
_A__43. What is responsible for the gram negativity or gram positivity of the bacterial
cell wall?
A. Peptidoglycan layer
C. Dermatan sulfate
B. Sialoglycoprotein layer
D. Keratan sulfate
_C__44. True regarding glycosylation of hemoglobin:
A. It is enzymatic
B. It affects hemoglobin function
C. It will increase crosslinks between protein and nucleic acids if sugar
is transferred from hemoglobin to the tissues
D. all of the above
_C__45. A carbohydrate with antiviral function:
A. Inulin
C. Arabinoxylane
B. Hyaluronic acid
D. Sialoglycoprotein
I.
II.
III.
IV.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Digestion of carbohydrates
Mechanisms of absorption of carbohydrates
Utilization of carbohydrates
- Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glycolysis
- Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
- Oxidation of acetyl CoA in the Kreb’s citric acid cycle
- ATP generation by direct substrate phosphorylation
- ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation via the Electron
Transport chain
- Pentose phosphate pathway
Regulation of blood sugar level – organs, hormones and pathways involved
QUESTIONS ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
_D__46. Increases in all of the following constitute positive signals for glycogen breakdown
EXCEPT:
A. calcium ions
C. epinephrine
B. cyclic AMP
D. blood glucose
_C__47. Muscle glycogen cannot contribute directly to blood glucose level because:
A. Muscle does not have the enzyme glucokinase
B. Muscle does not contain glycogen phosphorylase
C. Muscle lacks glucose-6-phosphatase
D. Muscle lacks the debranching enzyme
_B__48. Net ATP molecules generated in the oxidation of one glucosyl residue in glycogen
to two moles of lactate in an exercising muscle:
A. four
B. three C. two
D. one
_C__49. Anoxic skeletal muscle derives energy from:
A. Kreb’s citric acid cycle
C. Embden-Meyerhof pathway of glycolysis
B. Pentose phosphate pathway
D. Oxidation of fatty acids
_C__50. Acetyl CoA for extramitochondrial palmitate synthesis is derived from this Kreb’s
citric acid cycle intermediate:
A. malate
C. citrate
B. succinate
D. alpha-ketoglutarate
_D__51. The following are true of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, EXCEPT:
A. It is formed at a rapid rate in the fed state
B. It is synthesized by phosphofructokinase-2
C. Insulin increases its rate of synthesis
D. It stimulates fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
_B__52. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is a regulatory enzyme utilized in:
A. Glycogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
D. Pentose phosphate pathway
_A__53. The carbon skeletons of the following amino acids enter Kreb’s citric acid cycle via
alpha-ketoglutarate for gluconeogenic conversion, EXCEPT:
A. Alanine
B. Arginine
C. Glutamate
D. Histidine
_D__54. ATP molecules generated from the oxidation of one citrate molecule to succinate:
A. one
B. three C. five
D. seven
_A__55. The organ most vulnerable to hypoglycemia because of its utter dependence on
circulating blood glucose for energy:
A. Brain B. liver
C. kidney
D. skeletal muscle
NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY and METABOLISM
I. Central dogma of molecular genetics (Replication, transcription, translation)
II. Covalent structure of nucleotides
III. DNA- the genetic material in eukaryotic systems
IV. Mutations: alterations in the primary structure of DNAs
V. De-novo biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
VI. Salvage pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis
VII. Catabolism of purine nucleotides
VIII. Drugs affecting purine and pyrimidine metabolic pathways that are used for
cancer chemotherapy
IX. Diseases associated with purine and pyrimidine metabolism
QUESTIONS ON NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY & METABOLISM
_B__56. The process of producing DNA from a molecule of RNA:
A. replication
C. translation
B. Reverse transcription D. conjugation
_B__57. This DNA form is seen in physiologic conditions where the cell is well hydrated:
A. A form
B. B form
C. Z form
D. D form
_C__58. Regions of the DNA strand that are easily denatured are rich in this base pair:
A. GC
B. AT
C. AU
D. CT
_D__59. This is the primary function of nucleic acids:
A. source of energy
C. regulate hormone functions
B. transport molecules
D. preservation and transfer of genetic material
_B__60. Complete hydrolysis of RNA nucleotides will yield this product, EXCEPT:
A. phosphate
C. adenine
B. deoxyribose
D. uracil
_D__61. This type of mutation will result to a frame-shift mutation:
A. substitution
C. transversion
B. transition
D. insertion and deletion
_D__62. The molecular basis of the disease Xeroderma Pigmentosum appears to be:
A. rapid water loss caused by defects in the skin’s cell membrane permeability
B. inactivation of temperature sensitive transport enzyme system by sunlight
C. induction of a virulent provirus upon UV exposure
D. a defect in an excision-repair system that removes thymine dimers in DNA
_A__63. True regarding salvage pathways of nucleotide metabolism:
A. They utilize free bases as substrates for nucleotide biosynthesis
B. They take place only in the ribosomes
C. They derive the ring from amphibolic sources
D. They are more efficient than de novo pathway
_C__64. The enzyme that catalyzes the committed step in purine de novo pathway:
A. xanthine oxidase
C. PRPP glutamyl amido transferase
B. PRPP synthetase
D. HGPRTase
_D__65. Xanthine oxidase inhibitor:
A. azaserine
C. trimethoprim
B. sulfonamides
D. allopurinol
ENERGY METABOLISM
I. Bioenergetics
A. Laws of Thermodynamics – definition and derivation
B. Chemical reactions of thermodynamic concepts – enthalpy, entropy,
Free energy
C. ATP and other organophosphates – structure, sources, synthesis and
hydrolysis
II. Biologic Oxidation
A. oxidation-reduction reactions
B. Standard redox potential
III. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
A. Functions, components and complexes
B. Electron carriers, reducing equivalents and shuttle systems
C. Hypothesis and theories in oxidative phosphorylation
D. Inhibitors of the ETC
V. Oxidative stress – reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme systems
VI. Photosynthesis
QUESTIONS ON ENERGY METABOLISM
_D__66. The first law of thermodynamics may be stated as:
A. Energy cannot be transformed from one form to another
B. In any spontaneous process the entropy of the universe is maximal
C. ∆E = Q + W
D. Change in total energy is equal to the amount of heat absorbed by the
system less the work done by the system
_B__67. This condition shows a decrease in entropy:
A. evaporation of water B. growth of organism C. burning of wood D. melting of ice
_A__68. Which of the following is an energy-requiring process?
A. synthesis of ATP
C. hydrolysis of ATP
B. muscle contraction
D. nerve conduction
_D__69. The resulting reducing equivalent from the oxidation of cytosolic NADH in the
liver cells will enter the electron transport chain at this complex:
A. cyt bc1
C. succinate dehydrogenase complex
B. cyt aa3
D. NADH dehydrogenase complex
_D__70. True of “binding-change” mechanism of ATP synthesis:
A. conformational change of the headpiece of the phosphorylating complex
results from the entry of four H+ releasing a mole of ATP
B. three H+ are needed to activate ATP synthase to form ATP from ADP and Pi
C. release of ATP is energy requiring
D. synthesis of ATP is energy requiring
_A__71. The major enzymatic defenses against oxidative stress may be provided by this
Zn-Cu or Mn-containing enzyme which catalyzes the formation of H2O2 and
O2 from superoxide radicals:
A. superoxide dismutase
C. glutathione peroxidase
B. catalase
D. glutathione reductase
THE HUMAN GENOME AND BASIC MOLECULAR GENETICS
I. Information Copying: Replication
- Information metabolism
- Overview of replication
- DNA Polymerases
- Other replication proteins
- Mechanics and steps of replication
- Fidelity of DNA replication
II. Information Readout: Transcription
- Mechanism of transcription – initiation, elongation, punctuation
- Enzymology of RNA synthesis – RNA polymerase
- Posttranscriptional processing
III. Information Decoding: Translation
- Features of the genetic code
- Major participants in translation
- Mechanism, rates and energetics of translation
- Final stages in protein synthesis
- Regulation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes
IV. Eukaryotic Genes and their expression
- The eukaryotic genome
- Physical organization of eukaryotic DNA
- Cell cycle and DNA replication in eukaryotes
- Transcription and its control in eukaryotic cells
- Processing of eukaryotic mRNA
- Translation in eukaryotes – control, inhibitors and comparison with prokaryotes
- Protein targeting in eukaryotes
QUESTIONS ON HUMAN GENOME & BASIC MOLECULAR GENETICS
__C_72. Mutation in mRNA brought about by transcriptional misreading is not critical in the
cell’s survival because:
A. RNA polymerase II has 3’-5’ exonuclease activity and can proofread its work
B. DNA polymerase II has 3’-5’ exonuclease activity and can proofread its work
C. mRNA half-life is short and mRNA is not passed on to the cell’s progeny
D. Ribosomes can bypass errors in mRNA transcript and continue with translation
_A__73. DNA polymerase can initiate replication only if this protein has laid down molecules
which provide 3’-OH attachment for incoming deoxynucleotides:
A. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
C. Dna A
B. SSB
D. Helicase
_B__74. What is the most appropriate repair mechanism if both strands of a bacterial DNA
are extensively damaged?
A. Single-strand excision repair by specific glycosylase
B. Recombination with undamaged homologous chromosome
C. Repair carried out by 3’-5’ exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase III
D. No repair needed, the bacterial cell activates its apoptotic machinery
_B__75. Which is not true regarding DNA/RNA/protein synthesis direction?
A. DNA and RNA are both synthesized in 5’ to 3’ direction
B. The 5’ phosphate of the nascent nucleotide is the target of incoming dNTP
C. The 5’ end of incoming nucleotide bears the triphosphate
D. Protein synthesis proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction
_D__76. Which is true regarding start and stop codons?
A. Start of transcription is at AUG C. AUG codes for formyl-methionine in humans
B. Stop of transcription is at UGA D. Transcription does not terminate at UAA
_D__77. What is the most likely scenario in case of promoter mutation?
A. mRNA transcript is longer
C. protein product is truncated
B. Frame-shift mutation
D. dramatic decrease in amount of gene transcribed
I.
II.
MOLECULAR BASIS OF ONCOGENESIS
Cancer – Definition, Basic characteristics, comparison with normal cells
Molecular carcinogenesis
- Oncogene – classification and mechanism of oncogene activation
- Tumor suppressor genes – classification, functions, mechanism of mutation
III.
IV.
- Mutator genes or DNA repair genes – classification, functions and mechanism of mutation
Carcinogen metabolism- classification of carcinogens, mechanisms of chemical, physical and viral
carcinogenesis
Principal pathways of malignancy
QUESTIONS ON ONCOGENESIS
_D__78. True statements about oncogenes, EXCEPT:
A. They positively affect cell proliferation
B. Single mutant allele is enough to cause phenotypic abnormality
C. They are mutant proto-oncogenes
D. Mutation involves a loss in function
_C__79. This is not a characteristic of cancer:
A. loss of contact inhibition
C. gain in function of mutator gene
B. uncontrolled proliferation
D. loss of differentiated function
_B__80. True statements about RAS oncogene activation, EXCEPT:
A. It involves a point mutation in codon 12
B. The mutated RAS results to increased GTPase activity
C. The mutated gene codes for valine instead of glycine
D. It is over-expressed in bladder cancer
_B__81. Stage of chemical carcinogenesis which is epigenetic and reversible:
A. initiation
C. progression
B. promotion
D. all of the above
METABOLISM OF HORMONES
I. Definition, functions, characteristics of hormones in general
II. Classification of hormones according to structure and mechanism of action
III. Hormone action
- Steps in eliciting response of target cells
- Receptors
- Signal transduction
IV. Metabolically active hormones – Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine, Cortisol, Thyroid Hormone, Growth hormone,
hormones that affect calcium metabolism
- synthesis and regulation of secretion
- metabolic effects and mechanism of action
- Related pathophysiologic conditions
QUESTIONS ON HORMONE METABOLISM
_C__82. Thyroid hormone upon reaching its target cell will bind to its:
A. cell surface receptor C. nuclear receptor
B. cytoplasmic receptor D. associated protein
_A__83. Activated hormone receptor complex:
A. binds to a hormone response unit in the DNA
B. always couples with G-protein attached to the cell membrane
C. produces first messengers
D. directly results to changes in intracellular processes
_B__84. This protein substance mediates the growth-related actions of growth hormone:
A. insulin
B. IGF-I C. somatostatin D. GHRH
_C__85. True regarding insulin action on the following enzymes:
A. activation of glycogen synthase a by dephosphorylating it
B. phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase
C. increasing activity of phosphofructokinase by dephosphorylating it
D. phosphorylates phosphorylase b
E. all of the above
_D__86. Cortisol ensures the activity of this enzyme forming epinephrine:
A. tyrosine hydroxylase
C. dopa decarboxylase
B. dopamine B-hydroxylase
D. PNMT
FUNDAMENTALS OF NUTRITION
I. Definition of terms
- Nutrition
- Recommended dietary allowance
- Nutrient
- Minimum daily requirement
- Nutriture
- Food
II. Assessment of nutritional status – methods involved based on:
- Gomez classification
- Waterlow classification
- Body mass index
III. Different forms of malnutrition
IV. 4-4-9 Rule in converting grams of macronutrients to energy equivalent
V. Calculation of total caloric requirements of a normal healthy adult
VI. Basic components of energy expenditure
- Basal metabolic rate
- Physical activity
- Specific dynamic action of food
- Health
- Malnutrition
- Growth
VII. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
- Food sources, RDA, Metabolic functions
VIII. Breast milk – chemical composition, importance of breastfeeding, comparison with
cow’s milk
QUESTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF NUTRITION
_C__87. True regarding basal metabolic rate:
A. increased during starvation
C. increased during pregnancy
B. increased in hypothyroidism
D. increased in old age
_B__88. Manifestation(s) of marasmus:
A. edema
C. hepatomegaly
B. skin and bones appearance
D. flag sign
E. all of the above
_B__89. Function(s) of lipids:
A. main source of energy
B. maintains integrity of cell membrane
C. maintains normal osmotic relations among cellular compartments
D. build and repair tissues
E. all of the above
VITAMINS
1. Differences between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins
2. General characteristics of each vitamin with emphasis on:
- structural, physical and chemical characteristics
- active form/coenzyme form of the vitamin
- general functions/physiologic roles in body metabolism
- transport and storage in the body
- biological occurrence or food sources
- daily requirements
- toxicity manifestations, if any
3. Diseases associated with each vitamin deficiency
4. Correlation of the clinical manifestations of the disease with the physiologic and biochemical functions of the
vitamin
QUESTIONS ON VITAMINS
_B__90. The active part of riboflavin that participates in oxidation/reduction reactions:
A. adenine
C. phosphoric acid
B. isoalloxazine ring
D. isopentenyl ring
_B__91. This is the major excretory form of vitamin C:
A. dehydroascorbic acid
C. diketogulonic acid
B. oxalic acid
D. gulonolactone
_B__92. In thiamine deficiency, severe muscle weakness occurs because:
A. conversion of pyruvate to lactate does not take place
B. conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA does not occur
C. conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate does not take place
D. conversion of pyruvate to ATP is blocked
_D__93. Microcytic, hypochromic anemia is a deficiency manifestation of:
A. Vitamin B6
C. Pantothenic acid
B. Vitamin C
D. A and B
_A__94. This vitamin functions as coenzyme in the major anaphlerotic reaction of the body:
A. Biotin
C. Folic acid
B. Pyridoxine
D. Pantothenic acid
_B__95. This is a test for folic acid deficiency:
A. Tryptophan load test
C. Glutamine load test
B. Histidine load test
D. Tyrosine load test
_D__96. This function makes vitamin A anticarcinogenic:
A. maintenance of the integrity of the RBC membrane
B. maintenance of the integrity of the germinal epithelium
C. maintenance of the integrity of mucopolysaccharides
D. maintenance of the integrity of the epithelial tissues
_B__97. Activation of vitamin D involves:
A. a two-step reduction process
C. a two-step hydrogenation process
B. a two-step hydroxylation process
D. a two-step oxidation process
_B__98. This pathway can convert glucose to ascorbic acid:
A. phosphogluconate pathway
C. Embden-Meyerhof pathway
B. glucuronic acid pathway
D. Pentose phosphate pathway
IMMUNOCHEMISTRY
I. Immunity
- Definition and significance
- Classification as to active or passive, natural or artificial, innate or acquired
II. Innate immunity
- Cellular mediators – biochemical aspect of chemotaxis and phagocytosis
- Soluble mediators: interleukins, interferons, complements
III. Acquired immunity
- cell-mediated immunity
- humoral-mediated immunity
IV. Hypersensitivity reactions
QUESTIONS ON IMMUNOCHEMISTRY
_C__99. Regarding the functions of the different classes of antibodies, which of the following statements is the most
accurate?
A. IgA acts as antigen receptor on the surface of B-cells
B. IgG strongly activates the alternative pathway of the complement
C. IgG coats the bacteria, making them easily engulfed by the phagocyte
D. IgM defends against parasitic worm
E. IgE blocks the binding of viruses to the gut mucosa
_C__100. The following statements about immunity are true, EXCEPT:
A. T-cells are components of an adaptive immunity
B. The response after giving live measles virus vaccine is an example
of active immunity
C. Classical pathway of complement activation is under adaptive
Immunity
D. Production of antibodies after being infected with influenza virus
Is a good example of natural immunity
E. Gastric juices and tears belong to innate immunity.


REFERENCE:
Biochemistry (By Lehninger, Nelson Etal, Stryer)
Principles of Biochemistry (By Zybay, Parson, Van)