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NOTES: Immune Responses (UNIT 10 part 4) • PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE: (first exposure) during this response, antibodies are produced for several weeks antibodies first show up within as a result, some B cells will remain dormant as • SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE: rapid response due to memory cells produced during the first exposure antibodies produced within CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY 1) ACTIVE IMMUNITY ● a result of ● when the person produces an immune response (including memory cells) to the antigen ● (due to memory cells) NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY: person is directly exposed to the pathogen, develops a disease, survives, and therefore, acquires immunity ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY: **A VACCINE consists of bacteria or viruses that have been _______ so they a cannot cause a serious infection; or could include a toxoid or toxin that has been chemically altered to destroy its toxic effects -includes antigens that stimulate a but does not produce the severe symptoms of disease 2) PASSIVE IMMUNITY ● person ______________________________ produced by another individual ● since the person does not produce the immune response themselves, this is short-term only (as long as the antibodies remain in the blood) ● the person remains vulnerable to the antigen if exposed at a later date _______________________ NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY: _________________________________through placenta and/or breast milk (including colostrum) ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY: person receives an injection of antiserum (antibodies) collected from a person who has already developed immunity against a particular disease TRANSPLANTATION and TISSUE REJECTION ORGAN TISSUE REJECTION REACTION: when a transplant recipient’s immune system reacts against the donated tissue/organ ● immune system __________________________________ ● organ needed but isn’t “self” BONE MARROW STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION and “SELF” TISSUE REJECTION ● TISSUE REJECTION REACTION: when a bone marrow stem cell recipient’s new immune system reacts against all “self” body cells immune system functioning normally Donated stem cells have given recipient the donor’s immune system Process: • Only go through transplant if absolutely necessary. • Donor will have bone marrow stem cells removed • Recipient will have their bone marrow cells destroyed by radiation • Recipient will receive donated cells through an IV • Stem cells will “seed” into bone marrow ● to minimize tissue rejection: 1. (“self” marker present on all of the cells) 2. recipient’s risk of infection) (help with transplant acceptance, but may increase the ALLERGIC REACTIONS (abnormal immune response) ● excessive and misdirected immune responses that may damage tissue ● triggered by antigens known as ● The immune system ___ _, such as chocolate or pollen 1) Delayed-reaction allergy: results from repeated exposure of the skin to certain chemicals (e.g. , ) -activates T-cells; T-cells and macrophages collect in the skin and release chemicals that cause eruptions and inflammation ( ) -“delayed” because it takes about 48 hours to develop 2) Immediate-reaction allergy: an inborn ability to overproduce IgE antibodies in response to certain antigens/allergens (i.e. , _______, etc.) • Activates B-cells when 1st encountered & IgE __________________________ __________________________________________ (remember: mast cells are found throughout the body and play a role in the inflammatory response) -Occurs within minutes of contact with allergen subsequent exposure (from 2nd time on) results in mast cells bursting and releasing allergy chemicals such as histamine causes _______________ __________________________, tissues to swell, contraction of bronchial and intestinal smooth muscles, increased mucus production the released chemicals cause allergy symptoms such as: , eczema, or gastric disturbances ____, , **severe example of immediate-reaction allergy: -mast cells throughout the body release histamine ! -severe drop in blood pressure (could lose consciousness and possibly die) -person must receive an injection of ____ ( ___ __) to restore blood pressure AUTOIMMUNITY / AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS: ●__________________________________________ ● the immune system manufactures autoantibodies (antibodies that ) ● may result from a previous viral infection, faulty T-cell development, or reaction to a nonself antigen that resembles a self-antigen Autoimmune Disorder Immune System malfunction Lupus erythematous autoantibodies attack DNA (can affect whole body as result) Rheumatoid arthritis autoantibodies attack cartilage of joints Insulin-dependent diabetes T-cells cause destruction of insulin producing cells in pancreas Multiple sclerosis T-cells destroy myelin sheath around neurons Grave’s disease autoantibodies to thyroid stimulating receptor (overproduce thyroid stimulating hormone; involved in metabolism) Crohn’s Disease immune system attacks alimentary canal (leading to chronic inflammation) IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE: • Like autoimmune disorders, ________________________ immune system function • • Ex: ___________________ – Virus invades Helper T-cells, uses them to make more copies of the HIV virus, and then destroys the Helper T-cell – Newly made Helper T-cell infects other Helper T-cells – Without Helper T-cells, cannot activate Cytotoxic T-cells or B-cells no immune system