Download Unit 10 p4

NOTES: Immune Responses (UNIT 10 part 4)
• PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE:
(first exposure)
 during this response, antibodies are produced for several weeks
 antibodies first show up within
 as a result, some B cells will remain dormant as
• SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE:
 rapid response due to memory cells produced during the first exposure
 antibodies produced within
CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY
1) ACTIVE IMMUNITY
● a result of
● when the person produces an immune response (including memory cells) to the antigen
●
(due to memory cells)
 NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY: person is directly exposed to the pathogen, develops
a disease, survives, and therefore, acquires immunity
 ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY:
**A VACCINE consists of bacteria or viruses that have been
_______
so they a cannot cause a serious infection; or could include a toxoid or toxin that has been chemically
altered to destroy its toxic effects
-includes antigens that stimulate a
but does not produce the
severe symptoms of disease
2) PASSIVE IMMUNITY
● person ______________________________ produced by another individual
● since the person does not produce the immune response themselves, this is short-term only (as long
as the antibodies remain in the blood)
● the person remains vulnerable to the antigen if exposed at a later date  _______________________
 NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY:
_________________________________through placenta and/or breast milk (including colostrum)
 ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY: person receives an injection of antiserum
(antibodies) collected from a person who has already developed immunity against a particular disease
TRANSPLANTATION and TISSUE REJECTION
ORGAN TISSUE REJECTION REACTION: when a transplant recipient’s immune
system reacts against the donated tissue/organ
● immune system __________________________________
● organ needed but isn’t “self”
BONE MARROW STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION and “SELF” TISSUE REJECTION
● TISSUE REJECTION REACTION: when a bone marrow stem cell recipient’s new immune system
reacts against all “self” body cells
 immune system functioning normally
 Donated stem cells have given recipient the donor’s immune system
Process:
• Only go through transplant if absolutely necessary.
• Donor will have bone marrow stem cells removed
• Recipient will have their bone marrow cells destroyed
by radiation
• Recipient will receive donated cells through an IV
• Stem cells will “seed” into bone marrow
● to minimize tissue rejection:
1.
(“self” marker present on all of the cells)
2.
recipient’s risk of infection)
(help with transplant acceptance, but may increase the
ALLERGIC REACTIONS (abnormal immune response)
● excessive and misdirected immune responses that may damage tissue
● triggered by antigens known as
● The immune system
___
_,
such as chocolate or pollen
1) Delayed-reaction allergy: results from repeated exposure of the skin to certain chemicals
(e.g.
,
)
-activates T-cells; T-cells and macrophages collect in the skin and release chemicals that cause
eruptions and inflammation
(
)
-“delayed” because it takes about 48 hours to develop
2) Immediate-reaction allergy: an inborn ability to overproduce IgE antibodies
in response to certain antigens/allergens (i.e.
,
_______, etc.)
• Activates B-cells when 1st encountered & IgE __________________________
__________________________________________ (remember: mast cells
are found throughout the body and play a role in the inflammatory response)
-Occurs within minutes of contact with allergen
 subsequent exposure (from 2nd time on) results in mast cells bursting and
releasing allergy chemicals such as
 histamine causes
_______________
__________________________, tissues to swell,
contraction of bronchial and intestinal smooth muscles,
increased mucus production
 the released chemicals cause allergy symptoms such as:
, eczema, or gastric disturbances
____,
,
**severe example of immediate-reaction allergy:
-mast cells throughout the body release histamine
!
-severe drop in blood pressure (could lose consciousness and possibly die)
-person must receive an injection of
____ (
___
__) to restore blood pressure
AUTOIMMUNITY / AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS:
●__________________________________________
● the immune system manufactures autoantibodies (antibodies that
)
● may result from a previous viral infection, faulty T-cell development, or reaction to a nonself antigen
that resembles a self-antigen
Autoimmune Disorder
Immune System malfunction
Lupus erythematous
autoantibodies attack DNA (can affect whole body as result)
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoantibodies attack cartilage of joints
Insulin-dependent diabetes
T-cells cause destruction of insulin producing cells in pancreas
Multiple sclerosis
T-cells destroy myelin sheath around neurons
Grave’s disease
autoantibodies to thyroid stimulating receptor (overproduce thyroid
stimulating hormone; involved in metabolism)
Crohn’s Disease
immune system attacks alimentary canal (leading to chronic
inflammation)
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE:
• Like autoimmune disorders, ________________________ immune system function
•
• Ex: ___________________
– Virus invades Helper T-cells, uses them
to make more copies of the HIV virus,
and then destroys the Helper T-cell
–
Newly made Helper T-cell infects other
Helper T-cells
–
Without Helper T-cells, cannot activate
Cytotoxic T-cells or B-cells  no
immune system