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LIVING ORGANISMS
Natural Science
2º ESO / III PAI
INDEX
1. What are living things?
2. Cells and cell types
3. The discovery of cells
What are living things?
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom Moneran
Everything that is living can
be sorted into these 5
kingdoms
Protist Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
Fungi Kingdom
Plant Kingdom
What are living things?
Kingdom Moneran
 Tiny, single-celled organisms
 Do not have a nucleus
 E.g. bacteria
What are living things?
Protist Kingdom
 Single-celled organisms with a nucleus
 Live in damp places of water
 E.g. amoeba
What are living things?
Fungi Kingdom
 Body is made up of a
network of threads
called hyphae
 E.g moulds,
mushrooms
What are living things?
Plant Kingdom
 Multicellular – made up of lots of cells
 Make their own food by photosynthesis
 Lots of examples: flowering plants / non-flowering
plants
What are living things?
Animal Kingdom
 Multicellular – made up of may specialised cells
 Cannot make own food
 Can be further classified into vertebrates and nonvertebrates then into classes such as amphibians,
reptiles, birds, mammals
What are living things?
What are living things?
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Inorganic
Compounds
Organic
Compounds
What are living things?
HOW MANY VITAL FUNCTIONS HAS A
LIVING THINGS?
What are living things?
THE THREE VITAL FUNCTIONS
NUTRITION
INTERACTION
REPRODUCTION
Stimuli
Descendents
Energy
Reacting
Appropiate way
What are living things?
CELLS
All living things are made of cells.
A cell is the basic unit of life that
can perform the three vital
functions
What are living things?
Unicellular (one cell)
- ex. Bacteria
Multicellular (many cells)
- ex. Animals, plants
Tissues
Organs
ystems
Cells and cell types
What are cells?
• A cell is the basic unit of
structure and function in a
living thing.
• Your body is composed of
billions of cells.
Cells and cell types
What are cells?
• You have nerve cells, skin
cells, muscle cells, blood
cells, and many other types
as well.
These are some of the types
of cells found in your blood.
Cells and cell types
What are cells?
• Each cell in your body shares the
characteristics of all living things.
Cells and cell types
Similarities among cells
• In many-celled organisms
like you, there are many
different specialized cells.
• All cells share certain
common characteristics.
Cells and cell types
Similarities among cells
1.
All cells are surrounded by a cell
membrane.
2. All cells contain organelles.
3. All cells contain cytoplasm.
4. All cells contain DNA.
Cells and cell types
Classifying cells
• Prokaryotic cells do not have
a nucleus.
• Scientists believe that all life
on Earth came from ancient
cells of this type.
• Only bacteria have this type
of cell.
Cells and cell types
Classifying cells
• Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus and membranecovered organelles.
• They tend to be about ten
times larger than
prokaryotic cells.
• Animals, plants, fungi, and
protists all have eukaryotic
cells.
Cells and cell types
Comparing cell types
Cells and cell types
Cells: A Look Inside
• A cookie factory is like
a cell.
• An analogy is a way of
explaining something
complicated using an
easier example.
• A cookie factory is a
good analogy for
understanding all the
cell parts and their
functions.
Cells and cell types
Comparing cells to a factory
• Every cell part has a job or function.
• This chart shows how a cell is like a cookie factory
Cells and cell types
Cells and cell types
The cell membrane and nucleus
• To make cell parts
visible under a
microscope, you can
apply a stain to the
cells.
• Methylene blue is a
stain often used to
look at animal cells.
Cells and cell types
The cell membrane and nucleus
• The cell membrane is
a thin layer that
separates the inside of
the cell from its
outside environment.
• It keeps the cytoplasm
inside while letting
waste products out.
What is stained darker
blue in each cell?
Cells and cell types
The nuclear membrane and nucleus
The nucleolus acts as a
storage area for
materials.
• The nucleus is covered
with a membrane that
allows materials to
pass in and out.
• It’s often called the
“control center” of the
cell because it
contains DNA.
Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• Mitochondria are
called the
“powerhouses” of
cells.
• They produce much
of the energy a cell
needs to carry out its
functions.
Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• A vacuole is the storage area
of the cell.
• Vacuoles store water, food,
and waste.
Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• The endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) is a
series of tunnels
throughout the
cytoplasm.
• They transport
proteins from one part
of the cell to another.
Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• Ribosomes are the
protein factories of the
cell.
• When ribosomes make
proteins, they release
them into the ER.
Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• Golgi bodies receive proteins
and other compounds from
the ER.
• They package these materials
and distribute them to other
parts of the cell.
Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• Lysosomes contain enzymes that can break
things down.
• Lysosomes pick up bacteria, food, and old
organelles and break them into small pieces
that can be reused.
Cells and cell types
Organelles and their functions
• The cytoskeleton is a
series of fibers made
from proteins.
• It provides structure to
the cell and gives it its
shape.
Cells and cell types
How plant cells are different
1.
Plant cells have
chloroplasts, but
animal cells do
not.
A chloroplast is an
organelle that contains a
green pigment called
chlorophyll.
Cells and cell types
How plant cells are different
2. Plant cells have a
large central
vacuole that
stores cell sap.
Cells and cell types
How plant cells are different
3. Plant cells have a cell
wall, but animal cells
do not.
Cell walls provide
structure and
support for the
plant.
The discovery cells
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Natural Science (2 Secondary Education). C.
Echevarría, M.J. Benito, B. Cano, M. Hutchings.
Anaya English. 2011.
• http://www.cposcience.com/home/ForEducator
s/MiddleSchoolLifeScience/tabid/276/Default.a
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