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Types of immunity :1- innate immunity
2- adaptive ( acquired ) immunity .
* Innate immunity :-antigen independent ( No require antigen )
- invariant ( generalized )
- early , limited specifity .
- the first line of defense .
- not have memory .
*Cells of innate immunity :1- Neutrophil
2- eosinophil
3- basophil
4- NK cells ( natural killer )
5- macrophage
6- mast cells .
*Adaptive immunity :- antigen dependent ( require antigen )
- variable
- later , highly specifity
- have memory .
- mediated by lymphocytes .
- may give lifelong immunity .
* Cells of adaptive immunity :1- T-lymphocyte ( CD4 - CD8 )
2- B-lymphocyte .
3- dendritic cells .
* antigen :- substance capable of inducing specific immune response .
White Blood Cells ( WBCs ) :-directional movement of WBCs by :- Chemotaxis
There are two main types of WBC involved in the adaptive immune response :1- antigen - presenting cells (APCs ) :- it is activate T-cell , example : macrophage
2- Lymphocytes :- consist of two types :- 1- T-cell 2- B-cell
*Cells of innate immunity :1- Neutrophil :-Function :- Phagocytosis .
-Antigen Receptor :- No .
-short life span .
2- eosinophil :-Function:- Parasites killer . e.g ( schistosoma , helminthes )
- Antigen Receptor :- No .
3- Basophil :-Function:- Important in allergic disorders
- Antigen receptor :- No
- Found in IgE .
4- NK cell :Function : kill tumors and viruses infected cells .
Antigen receptor :- No
5- macrophage :Function : phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T-cell .
Antigen Receptor :- No
6- Mast cell :Function : Kill parasites .
Antigen receptor :- No
-Found in IgE.
- Found in connective Tissue .
* Cells of adaptive immunity :1- T-lymphocyte :-Function :- the main regulators of immune system
-Antigen Receptor :- Yes .
- maturation in thymus .
2- B-lymphocyte :- Function :- Production of antibodies .
- Antigen Receptor :- Yes .
- Maturation in Bone Marrow .
- Regulated By T-cells .
3- dendritic cells :- Function :- transport antigen and activate T-cell
*Monocytes :- Function :- to become macrophage .
- Both monocyte and macrophage act as phagocytosis .
*Lymphocytes :- Responsible for the adaptive immune response.
- there are 2 classes :1- T-lymphocytes . ( Low and high Zone tolerance ) ( for cellular immunity )
2- B-lymphocytes. ( high zone tolerance ) ( for humoral immunity )
* T-lymphocytes may differentiate into several classes of effector cells :1- Helper T lymphocytes ( CD4 ) :- Secrete Cytokinase . and help other cell to mount
immune response .
2- Cytotoxic T lymphocyte ( CD8 ) :- kill virus infected or allogenic .
3- Regulatory T lymphocytes :- Help to mediate Immuno Tolerance .
* Lymphoid Organs :1- Primary lymphoid organs :- consist of Bone marrow and Thymus
2- Secondary Lymphoid organs :- consist of lymph nodes , spleen , mucosa –
associated lymphoid tissue ( MALT ) e.g :- tonsils , peyer patches,appendix,
bronchial, mammary tissues.
General Information of Immunology :* Antibodies ( immunoglobulin ) :- it is proteins secreted from B-Lymphocytes ( plasma cell )
-there are 5 classes of immunoglobulin :1- IgM :- the most Ig secreted in primary immune responses . and represent the cell
surface receptor of B-lymphocytes .
2- IgG :- the major Ig found in the blood
3- IgD :- the minor Ig .
4- IgE :- stimulate mast cells and cause them release histamine .
5- IgA:- Found in secretion , Such as Saliva & breast Milk .
* Role of antibodies :1- Precipitation
2- Agglutination
3- Virus Neutralization .
4- Toxin Neutralization .
5-Complement Fixation .
6- Opsonezation :- antibody molcules can coat cellular antigen making it easier for
phagocyte .
- Complements :- series of proteins in the blood , that can mediate lysis red cells .
- lymphocytes can be detected by using :- Immunoflurescence technique .
- the part of antigen recognized by the antigen combining sites of receptors called
antigenic determinant or epitope .
- Affinity :- Binding in homogenous system .
- Avidity :- Binding in hetrogenous system
Immunoglobulin in Body :-
1- IgG :- IgG is The smallest antibody in the human.
- IgG Found in large amount in blood .
- IgG can cross placenta .
- IgG antibodies are involved in the secondary immune response
- IgG is The most common antibody involved in warm antibody
-IgG is monomeric immunoglobulin
2- IgM :- IgM is largest antibody in the human ( highest in electrophoresis )
- IgM have five molecule (pentamer immunoglobulin )
- IgM can not cross placenta
- IgM is the main antibody involved in primary immune response
- IgM are efficient activator of the complement fixation
- IgM Increased of IgM cause cold agglutination syndrome
- IgM represent the cell surface receptor of B-lymphocytes .
- IgM is blood grouping antibody .
3- IgE :- It is found in small amounts in serum tissue.
- IgE only been found in mammals
- IgE plays an important role in allergy , parasitic worms.
- IgE is monomeric immunoglobulin .
-IgE found in mast cells and basophil
IgE are un flexible
4- IgA :- IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva.
- IgA prevent attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial surfaces.
-IgA dimmer imunogloblin
5- IgD :- IgD function is not known,
-IgD is monomeric imunoglobulin