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EVOLUTION- change in species over time Jean Baptiste de Lamarck Charles Darwin 5 evidences of evolution 3 patterns of evolution Homologous structures Theory of Acquired Traits aka “use it or lose it” Theory of Natural Selection Coevolution Analogous structures Vestigial structures aka “survival of the fittest” Convergent evolution Similarities in Embryology Similarities in Macromolecules Divergent evolution EARLY EARTH: •The Earth is roughly 4.5 billion years old. -Q: How do we know this? -A: radiological testing on the different layers of the Earth •Scientists use radioactive dating to determine the „age‟ of each layer of earth •Earth‟s atmosphere was very different compared to today‟s atmosphere •The temperature was very hot •There was hardly any oxygen in the air •Due to the fact that there was NO oxygen in the air, the 1st cells on this planet were anaerobic (because they do NOT need oxygen) •Also the 1st cells were prokaryotic NOT eukaryotic -Q: What are some differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? PROKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTIC CELLS FOSSILS: •A fossil is a trace of a long DEAD organism •2Types of fossils: 1.Moldothis type of fossil is an imprint in a rock oshows the shape of the organism 2.CastoThis type of fossil is a mold that is now filled with minerals oThis is a „rock-like‟ 3D structure of the organism Cast fossil •In 1668 Robert Hooke said that fossils were the remains of animals & plants that were once alive •In 1669 Nicolaus Steno came up with the Law of Superposition -This law states that layers of rock are deposited on top of another by wind or water -The lowest layer of the Earth is the oldest -The top layer of the Earth is the youngest (newest) -Fossils in the same layer of the Earth are roughly the same age •There are 2 ways to find the age of a fossil: -Relative age- is NOT an actual age, it is just whether 1 fossil is older or younger than another fossil -Absolute age- this is an actual age of the fossil, estimated by radiological evidence •Answer the questions based on the picture below: Q1: Which layer is the „oldest‟ layer? ________ Q2: Which layer is the „youngest‟ layer? _______ Q3: What could you say about the fossil found in layer C compared to the fossil in layer A? _______________________________________________________________ Review questions: 1. Explain the difference between a mold fossil and a cast fossil. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2.Compare and contrast prokaryotic cells with eukaryotic cells. Be sure to mention at least 2 similarities and 2 differences. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain the difference between a fossil‟s „relative age‟ and „absolute age‟. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ WHAT IS EVOLUTION? •Evolution- the change in species over time -Q: What is a species? -A: 1 type of organism that can produce fertile offspring Theories of Evolution: •Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) -Using fossil evidence, he said that similar species come from a common ancestor -His hypothesis: Theory of Acquired Traits (“use it or lose it”) o States that traits are NOT determined by genes (DNA) Example: Ducks have webbed feet because they repeatedly stretch their toes, which caused webbed toes. So now, when this duck reproduces, its offspring will also have webbed feet o He also said that if an organism doesn‟t use a body part, then their offspring would have a small version of that body part Example: A crab‟s claw- if the crab NEVER used one of his claws, then when it reproduced, its offspring would have a small claw (or no claw) Theory of Acquired Traits (“use it or lose it”) Here’s another example using the GIRAFFE. This is his explanation as to why they have a long neck. •We know that this is NOT true!! •Your traits are determined by DNA - (your genes)!! http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=F1843C7D-7D9D-411C-ABD7783ABF3BD0DD&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Darwin develops a non-random theory-3:20 Charles Darwin (1809-1882) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=9E8 DE1D4-BCBD-422C-B307E79CA309E95C&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Darwin’s discoveries- 10:08 •He also said that similar species come from a common ancestor •His hypothesis: Theory of Natural Selection (“survival of the fittest”) oThis states that the organism that is best suited to their environment is the one that will reproduce more successfully than others oSo…..their genes get passed on & on & on & on…… •How did he arrive at this? oHe took a trip on a boat called the HMS Beagle oHe went to the islands off the coast of Ecuador called the Galapagos Islands oThere he studied MANY organisms, one of them was a bird called the finch He found 13 different types of finches, all with different types of beaks Some had BIG/THICK beaks- these finches ate hard foods like seeds & nuts Some had SMALL/THIN beaks- these finches ate soft foods like insects & berries Answer the questions below using the illustration from above. Q1: Which finch would have a diet of different types of really hard food? Explain your answer. _______________________________________________________________________________ Q2: Which finch would have a diet of softer types of food like insects, that are in small hard to reach areas, like a small hole? Explain your answer. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Q3: Which finch would have a diet of softer types of food, like berries? Explain your answer. _______________________________________________________________________________ Q4: Which finch would have a diet of somewhat hard types of food? Explain your answer. _______________________________________________________________________________ •Darwin discussed how the environment may affect the population of an organism •ADAPTATION: If a species becomes better suited for its environment, then it will be more likely to survive than other species that CANNOT adapt to their environment. Example: Peppered moths oBEFORE the Industrial Revolution: Tree trunks were lighter in color, Peppered moths- HARD to find (camouflage) oso these moths would survive & reproduce and their population would increase Black moths- EASY to find oso they would be eaten and could NOT reproduce, so their population would decrease ADAPTATION continued: oAFTER the Industrial Revolution: THE EVIRONMENT CHANGES! Tree trunks are now DARKER in color (due to pollution) Peppered moths- EASY to find oSo these moths would be eaten and could NOT reproduce, so their population would decrease Black moths- HARD to find (camouflage) oSo these moths would survive & reproduce and their population would increase BEFORE: AFTER: 5 EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION: -The 5 evidences of evolution are: http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cf m?guidAssetId=E8C6C371-63AD-41D5-BF958F69D2A69B07&blnFromSearch=1&productco de=US Support of theory of evolution- 6:37 -1. Homologous structures 2. Analogous structures -3. Vestigial structures 4. Similarities in Embryology -5. Similarities in Macromolecules 1. Homologous structures: • Similar structures that come from a common ancestor •Example- Arm of a human, cat, whale & bat – ALL have the same bones, but they‟re different shapes & sizes! 2. Analogous structures: •Look different but they ALL serve the same job •Example- Wing of insect, seagull, bird, & batthe JOB is to fly 3. Vestigial structures: •Useless structure that was once useful in an ancestor, but now is NOT used by the modern organism •Example- Whale’s pelvis- indicates that the „modern whale‟ came from an organism that once walked on land- because it had a pelvis & femur http://www.pbs .org/wgbh/evol ution/library/0 3/4/l_034_05.h tml Whale evolution- 5:09 4. Similarities in Embryology: •In the early stages of embryonic development, ALL vertebrates are similar (eventually that will fade as developments proceeds) •Example- Fish, Turtle, Bird, Pig, & Human embryos Q: What are some of the features that they ALL have? A: _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ 5. Similarities in Macromolecules: •The more similar species are to each other- the more similar their macromolecules Q: What are some examples of macromolecules? A: proteins, nucleic acids (DNA/ RNA) •Example- Hemoglobin (protein found on Red Blood Cells) Q1: What are proteins made up of? A1: Amino Acids Q2: What is the job of hemoglobin? A2: to carry oxygen & carbon dioxide throughout the body There is 1 difference between the Amino Acids of the human hemoglobin & the gorilla‟s hemoglobin There are 10 differences between the Amino Acids of the human hemoglobin & the lemur‟s hemoglobin Q3: Based on the information above, which organism’s HEMOGLOBIN is most similar to our hemoglobin? A3: gorilla PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION: There are 3 patterns of evolution: 1. Coevolution 2. Convergent Evolution 3. Divergent Evolution 1.COEVOLUTION•change in 2 or more species that are in close association with each other Example- Flowers & Bees Flower • has a nice smell to attract the insect •has a bright color so the insect can see it Bee •has a body that fits into the flower •picks up pollen when its body touches the flower. •when it flies away to a different flower, the pollen falls off and lands on this flower. •the bee just fertilized these 2 flowers!! 2. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION•2 different species APPEAR to be very similar, but are NOT closely related •This occurs when the environment selects similar phenotypes even though their ancestors are very different. •Example: shark & dolphin Q1: What are some of the physical characteristics they BOTH have in common? A1: dorsal fin, sleek body shape, pointed face, tail, fins -Living in the ocean they need these characteristics in order to survive! Q2: What’s the MAJOR difference between the shark & dolphin? A2: shark is a fish; dolphin is a mammal 3. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION•When species becomes more dissimilar as a response to changing environments •2 types of divergent evolution: i. Adaptive Radiation- evolve from 1 species othis happens naturally and very slowly Example- Finches•all diverged in response to availability of different food found in their environment DIVERGENT EVOLUTION (continued) ii. Artificial Selection- this does NOT happen naturally •This happens very FAST Example- Breeding dogs•humans select what traits they want their dog to have •dog breeders know which 2 dogs to mate •there are lots of different types of dogs today that were NOT around 20 years ago! •this type of divergent evolution happens much FASTER than what would happen in nature FOR EVOLUTION TO OCCUR: •4 things are needed for evolution to occur: 1. Mutations 2. Migration 3. Genetic drift 4. Natural selection 1. Mutations- mutations are mistakes in DNA •Not all mutations are bad, some mutations are good •Mutations happen at a slow rate, but if exposed to mutagens (like chemicals) the rate will be much faster 2. Migration- the moving of organisms either into or out of a population i. Immigration- movement of organisms into a population othis will cause the population size to increase ii. Emigration- movement of organisms out of a population othis will cause the population size to decrease -this will cause a change in the gene pool of this population Q: What is a gene pool? A: total genetic information available in a population 3. Genetic drift- occurs in a small population •Alleles can disappear completely over a few generations •This means, traits can disappear from a population 4. Natural selection- aka- “survival of the fittest” •Those that can adapt to their environment will survive and continue to pass on their genes Gradualism- The theory that evolution happens very slowly Speciation- the process of species formation •Begins with geographical isolation •This is the physical separation of members of a population -Q: What are some ways a population be geographically separated? -A: river, canyon, mountains •When a population is separated, the gene flow between them STOPS •The 2 populations will begin to diverge because of natural selection & genetic drift Example- Blue-headed wrasse & Cortez rainbow wrasse