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Biology Core Cells Study Guide 1. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory? i) ii) iii) All life is made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. 2. Name and describe 1 piece of evidence for the cell theory. i) ii) iii) All life is made up of cells. Living organisms, when viewed under a microscope, are seen as clusters of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. Organelles cannot perform the basic functions of life by itself. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Robert Hooke disproved spontaneous generation of cells when he first discovered them in cork under a microscope. Also, cells reproduce by mitosis, or cell division. 3. What is a single cell organism called? Unicellular organism. 4. Do the organisms in 3 perform all functions of life? Yes. 5. What are those functions of life? Movement Reproduction Sensitivity Homeostasis Growth Nutrition 6. Compare the size of a cell to the thickness of a molecule, a cell membrane, a virus, a bacteria and organelles. Molecule: Membrane: Virus: 1nm 10nm 100nm Bacteria: Organelles: Cells: 1µm 10µm 100µm 7. Describe how to calculate the magnification of a cell under the microscope. Size of diagram in μm Actual size of cell in μm 8. What are scale bars and how are they useful? A scale bar is a line in a micrograph to help show the actual size of the structures in proportion. 9. Describe why cells cannot grow too large. When cells grow, the surface are, which is in charge of the rate of enter/exit of materials in the cell, grows at a slower rate compared to the volume, which controls the rate materials are used/produced. Because of this, materials cannot get quickly enough inside and outside of the cell, forcing the cell to undergo mitosis (cell division) to allow a balanced flow of materials. 10. Instead, what do they do? They undergo mitosis (cell division) to prevent from dying. 11. What are emergent properties and what do they have to do with a cell? Emergent properties me4ans that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts, meaning that cells work more efficiently as a team rather than individually. 12. Do all cells have the same DNA? If so, why are they different? Cells have the same DNA. However, different cells express different parts of the DNA based on their functions. This is called differentiation. 13. What are stem cells and why are they important? Stem cells are cells that have the ability to self-renew by mitosis and differentiate. They are important because current research suggests that these cells can be used to replace damaged or dead cells that do not undergo cell division, such as bone marrow and insulation tissue of damaged neurons. 14. Describe the therapeutic use of stem cells. What is your opinion and why? A therapeutic us of stem cells could be to combat a cancer called leukemia, which is when bone marrow cells divide too quickly, producing too many white blood cells. 1. Blood is drained out of umbilical cord from placenta after childbirth. 2. Red blood cells are removed from cord blood; remaining fluid tested for abnormalities, disease-causing organisms and tissue type is identified. 3. Cord blood is stored in a special liquid nitrogen blood bank. 4. Patient’s tissue type matched with corresponding cord blood. 5. Patient given chemotherapy drugs to kill both harmful and good bone marrow cells. 6. Cord blood is then thawed and inserted into patient’s system so stem cells can differentiate into new bone marrow cells. 15. What is a prokaryote? Cells that do not have a nucleus and divide by binary fission. 16. Draw and label a prokaryote cell with the following: cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes, and nucleoid. 17. Describe the function o f each of the parts listed in #16. Cell wall Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Pili Flagella Ribosomes Nucleoid Provides support and shape “Gatekeeper” of the cell, controls enter/exit of materials inside cell Contains enzymes for chemical reactions and the nucleoid Hairlike extensions that pulls cells together and exchanges DNA Whiplike tail for motion Granular structures that synthesize (create) proteins Part of the cytoplasm that contains “naked” (exposed) DNA (not in chromosomes) 18. Describe how prokaryotic cells divide. DNA replicates, moves to the opposite sides of the cell, and the cell divides. 19. Describe the function of the following: rough ER, lysozomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and nucleus. RER Lysozomes Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Nucleus Flattened sacs with a thin membrane that controls transport of materials within the cells, contains ribosomes Sacs with digestive enzymes to destroy worn out organelles Flattened sacs for processing and transport of materials outside the cell Folded membrane called cristae; cell respiration occurs here (02 + Glucose = CO2 + ATP + H2O) Cell structure containing DNA; surrounded by a nuclear envelope and has a nucleolus, controls functions of organelles 20. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Feature: Type of genetic material Location of genetic material Mitochondria Ribosomes Internal membranes Prokaryotic Cells Naked loop of DNA in cytoplasm Cytoplasm Eukaryotic Cells DNA located in chromosomes None present Small sized – 70S Few or none present Always present Large sized – 80S Many internal membranes contained in the cytoplasm In the cytoplasm, in the nucleoid 21. Describe 3 differences between plant and animal cells. Feature: Cell wall Chloroplasts Polysaccharides Plant Cell Present Present Excess glucose stored as starch Animal Cell Not present Not present Excess glucose stored as glycogen 22. Describe 2 roles of extracellular components. In plants: Cellulose provides fixed shape, prevents excess water uptake, and holds plant up against gravity. In animals: Glycoprotein forms extracellular matrix for support, adhesion, and movement.