Download The Roman Empire

THE ROMAN
EMPIRE
ORIGINS OF ROME
I. Geography
A. Located in the middle of the Mediterranean region
1. Shaped like a long high heeled boot
a. Heel points toward Greece
b. Toe points toward island of Sicily
c. Across top of boot are the Alps
d. Another mountain range, The Apennines runs down the boot north
to south
B. Italian landscape
1. Similar to Greece
a. Hills and mountains
b. Located on a peninsula
2. Differences from Greece
a. Apennines not as rugged as mountains of Greece
b. Better farmland than Greece
1. Slopes of mountains leveled off to large flat plain
2. Ideal for growing crops
a. Rich soil and mild climate
b. Italy could support more people with food
ORIGINS OF ROME
II. The First Italians
A. Not much is known about the first people to live in Italy
1. Evidence shows first inhabitants migrated to Italy from North
a. Arrived between 1500 and 1000 BC
b. Attracted to mild climate and rich soil
c. Settled in hills and on plains
d. Another mountain range, The Apennines runs down the boot north
to south
B. Four main groups of people
a. Carthaginians
b. Etruscans
c. Greeks
d. Latins (Romans)
ORIGINS OF ROME
III. How did Rome Begin?
A. Physical Location
1. Located on the Tiber River
a. About 15 miles North of Mediterranean Sea
b. Provided source of water and means of transportation
c. Located where it was easy to cross river
e. Became stopping place for people traveling N & S
2. Built on 7 steep hills
a. Provided protection against enemies
b. Would help fortify the city
B. First inhabitants of Rome
1. Historians believe Latins came to area of Rome around 1000 BC
a. Built huts on hills
b. Tended herds
c. Grew crops
2. Banded together sometime between 800-700 BC
a. United for protection
b. Formed a community
ORIGINS OF ROME
C. Two different legends explain origin of Rome
1. Romulus and Remus
a. Twin Brothers
1. Abandoned near the Tiber River
2. Rescued by a wolf and raised by a shepherd
b. Brothers decided to build a city
1. Twins quarrel
2. Romulus killed Remus
3. Romulus became first king of Rome, naming the city after himself
2. Aeneas
a. Based on famous epic by Roman poet Virgil
1. Trojan hero, Aeneas and other followers left Troy
a. Greeks had captured Troy
b. Aeneas and others sailed the Mediterranean Sea
2. Landed at mouth of Tiber River
3. Involved in warfare and marriage to local king’s daughter
a. United the Trojans and the Latins (Later the Romans)
4. Became the “father of the Romans”
Romulus fighting with Remus
Aeneas
ROMAN EMPIRE 395 A.D.
ROMAN PANTHEON
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS
ROMAN SOLDIERS
Patricians
Consuls
Praetors
Republic
of Rome
Dictator
Roman Law
Plebeians
ROMAN GOVERNMENT
•
Consuls – (most like executive branch) 2 consuls, 1 year terms, headed army and ran
government, had veto power: veto means “I forbid”
• http://www.nationaljournal.com/white-house/obama-almost-never-vetoes-bills-that-sabout-to-change-20141119
•
praetors – (most like judicial branch) interpret law, act as judges
•
Senate – (legislative branch) 300 patrician members, served for life – only gave advice to
consuls in the beginning, later proposed laws, held debates and approved building
programs.
•
Assembly of Centuries – elected officials like praetors and consuls
•
Council of Plebs – formed after Plebian strikes, brought concerns to govt. and had right to
veto; later could pass laws for all Roman citizens
•
******even as the Plebians grow in power and representations, a few wealthy Patricians
still held most of the power; women had no voice in govt.
CINCINNATUS
•
Farmer who was named dictator of Rome during a crisis.
•
Dictators were not a negative position then
• Dictators came to power during an emergency and then returned to their normal
lives
•
Cincinnatus resigned and returned to his farm when the crisis
was over.
ROMAN LAW
I.
Roman law
A.
U.S. legal system used it as a model
B.
451. B.C. Twelve Tables
C.
1.
1st time laws were written down in Rome
2.
Everyone can now see them
3.
Carved in bronze tablets
4.
Established principle that citizens are = under law
5.
Applied only to Roman citizens
Law of Nations
1.
Applied to non-citizens living in empire
2.
Innocent until proven guilty
3.
Right to see a judge
4.
All people treated = under law is “rule of law”
THE PUNIC WARS
MARE NOSTRUM= OUR SEA
“PUNIC” = PHOENICIAN
Rome and Carthage want control of trade in the Mediterranean Sea .
THE FIRST PUNIC WAR
•
Rome and Carthage want Sicily.
•
Carthage already has colonies on Sicily.
•
Rome must build navy to fight Carthage.
•
War lasted 20 years
•
241 B.C. – Rome crushes Carthaginian navy
and takes control of Sicily
•
Forces Carthage to pay huge fine
264 B.C.
SECOND PUNIC WAR
218 B.C.
• To make up for Sicily, Carthage expands in southern Spain.
• Rome helps Spain rebel against Carthage
• Carthage send greatest general, Hannibal to attack Rome directly
• Hannibal’s Army: 46,000 ,men, 37 elephants
• Landed army in Spain – had to cross Alps to reach Rome
• Lost ½ of soldiers and most of elephants before reaching Rome
• Still powerful and raided much of Italy
• Beat Romans at Cannae in 216 B.C.
• Roman General Scipio invades Carthage in 202 B.C. - Hannibal forced to return
home to defend Carthage
• Scipio defeats Hannibal at battle of Zama
• Carthage gives up Spain to Rome, turn over navy, and pay huge fine.
3RD PUNIC WAR
146 B.C.
•
Carthage, no longer a military power, maintained its trade
•
Rome invades Carthage
• Burns city, enslaves 50,000 men women and children, salts the earth
•
Carthage becomes Roman province
TROUBLE IN THE REPUBLIC
I.
Rome’s Poor
A . Most plebians = small farmers
B. Farms in ruin b/c fighting Rome’s wars
C. Patricians buying land & forming Latifundias
1. Large farming estates, used slave labor
D. Poor move to cities for work
1. job’s scarce
E. Fearing riots – patricians/govt. provide “bread and circuses”
1. Cheap food and entertainment to pacify masses
F. Gracchus Brothers (Tiberius and Gaius)
1. Roman officials who attempt reform
2. Ask Senate to give back land
3. Both brothers killed by senators
G. Rome falls under charge of powerful generals who made themselves dictators
1.Built paid armies loyal to them, not Rome
2. Generals in politics to get land for soldiers
JULIUS CAESAR
I.
Military leader – wealthy
A.
II.
Created triumvirate with Crassus (Syria) and Pompey (Spain), Caesar (Gaul – France)
1.
Crassus killed battle, Senate makes Pompey ruler
2.
Caesar takes army, crosses Rubicon, starts civil war.
3.
Destroyed Pompey’s army in Greece – 48 B.C.
Declares himself dictator for life
1.
Stacked senate with loyalists and decreases its power
2.
Sought glory at expense of republic
3.
Punished those who wanted to uphold the republic
III. Reformer
1.
Granted citizenship to people in territories outside Italy
2.
Colonies to provide land for landless
3.
Encourage the hire of free workers, less slave labor
4.
Created new calendar 12/365
5.
Treated defeated enemies well (Brutus)
6.
Killed by Senators Brutus and Cassius – Et tu, Brute “And you, Brutus” B.C.
OCTAVIAN
I.
2nd Triumvirate with Lepidus and Antony
A. Lepidus forced to retire
B. Antony takes east, Octavian (Caesar’s grand-nephew) takes west
C. Antony loves Cleopatra of Egypt who will help him defeat Octavian
D. 31 B.C. battle of Actium in Greece Octavian crushes Antony and Cleopatra
(commit suicide)
II.
Support of Octavian
A.
Cicero, a political leader, argued against dictators and for the Republic.
B.
Supported Octavian however because he thought Oct would restore republic
III. A New Emperor
A.
Octavian gives some power to Senate but declares himself imporator
B.
Changes name to Augustus “revered or majestic one”
C. Republic is now dead, Rome is an Empire
EMPEROR AUGUSTUS
I.
Accomplishments
A. Began Pax Romana “Roman Peace”
B. Built permanent professional army 150,000
C. Created Praetorian Guard to guard emperor
D. Conquered new territories (Spain, Gaul, Austria, Hungary, Romania)
E. Built fancy palaces, fountains, and public buildings “I found Rome a city of Brick,
and left it a city of marble.”
F. Imported grain from Africa to feed poor.
G. Appointed proconsul or governor for each of Rome’s provinces.
H. Made tax collectors permanent government workers (decreased corruption)
I. Passed laws for non-citizens in all provinces.
JULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPERORS
I.
Descended from Julius Caesar’s family.
A. Tiberius
1.
great military leader
2. regulated business to prevent fraud
B. Caligula
1.
abolished sales tax
2. allowed exiles to return
3. mentally unstable - made favorite horse a Consul
4. wasted money
5. killed by own Praetorian Guard
C. Claudius
1. Built new harbor at Ostia to improve trade
2. conquered most of Britain
JULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPERORS
PART 2
A. Nero
1. killed mother and two wives
2. “fiddled while Rome burned” in 64 A.D.
3. committed suicide
B. Vespasian
1. Nero’s consul
2. restored order after Nero
3. put down rebellions
4.
destroyed Jewish temple in 70 A.D.
5.
constructed coliseum
THE GOOD EMPERORS
I.
96A.D. – 180 A.D.
The Good Emperors
A. Nerva
B. Trajan
1. gave money to poor
2. educated poor children
3. empire at its largest
C. Hadrian
1. made Roman law easier to understand
2. pulled back boundaries of empire (out of Mesopotamia)
3. set northern border and Danube and Rhine Rivers
4. built Hadrian’s wall
D.
Antonius Pius – passed laws to help orphans
E.
Marcus Aurelius
F.
Emperors overshadow Senate more than ever
G. All of the Good Emperors built arches, monuments, bridges, roads, and aqueducts.
HADRIAN’S WALL
ROME’S ECONOMY
I.
Farming huge part of economy – people well fed
A. Gaul & Spain: grapes and olives (wine and oil)
B. Britain and Egypt: grain
II. Industry important too
A. Potters, weavers, and jewelers produced goods from glass, bronze, and
brass.
III. Trade
A. Largest ports were Puteoli and Ostia
B. 50,000 miles or roads – “All roads lead to Rome.
C. Roman currency accepted all over Mediterranean region
D. Standard system of weights and measurements
E. Ridded the Med. of pirates