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Transcript
Bio102 Problems Aerobic Respiration 1. Since prokaryotes have no mitochondrial membranes, electron transport A. cannot happen. B. is bypassed. C. happens in the peroxisome. D. occurs in the cytosol. E. happens on the cell membrane. 2. Which process produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation? A. Electron Transport B. Citric Acid Cycle C. Chemiosmosis D. Transition Step E. Light-Dependent Reactions 3. If a carbon atom has become reduced, it A. has fewer bonds to oxygen. B. has a lower electron density near its nucleus. C. has fewer bonds to carbon or hydrogen. D. is released as CO2. E. is covalently attached to a co-enzyme. 4. How many carbon atoms are present in one molecule of Acetyl-CoA? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 0 5. Food molecules that are more reduced contain more usable energy because they A. can be used to reduce more coenzymes. B. move more easily through membranes. C. contain more phosphate to be transferred to ADP molecules. D. can be consumed more rapidly by anaerobic metabolism. E. directly enter oxidative phosphorylation. 6. Why does the oxidation of one molecule of FADH2 yield less usable energy than oxidation of one molecule of NADH? 7. Formic acid, which contains a single carbon atom, is shown below. In the corresponding boxes, draw the structure of a different molecule which is one step more oxidized than formic acid and then another that is one step more reduced than formic acid. Formic Acid One step more oxidized One step more reduced O H-C-OH 8. In aerobic metabolism, what process (or processes) produces CO2? 9. For the electron transport chain used in aerobic metabolism, the initial electron donor is __________________, the final electron acceptor is __________________, and the electron has gained/lost energy during transport. 10. When protons are moved across the mitochondrial inner membrane in the electron transport chain, this is one type of A. facilitated transport. B. simple diffusion. C. active transport. D. pinocytosis. E. exocytosis. 11. Circle the letter of the molecule whose carbon atom has the most usable cellular energy. A. CO2 B. CH3OH C. CH4 D. HCOH || O 12. In our discussions of oxidative phosphorylation, we mainly discussed the mitochondrial inner membrane. Prokaryotes can also carry out electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, but prokaryotes have no mitochondria. How does oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes happen without a mitochondrial membrane? 13. The structure of acetaldehyde is shown below. This can be a substrate for two different enzymes that use two different coenzymes, as shown. For each oxidation/reduction reaction, draw the structure of a possible product. A. and NADPH B. and FAD and NADP+ and FADH2 14. Cyanide is poisonous to people because it blocks oxidative phosphorylation by directly binding to one of the essential proteins. Why does treating cells with cyanide also cause the Transition Step to quickly stop? 15. How many carbon atoms are in each of the following molecules? AcCoA ________ Glucose ________ Pyruvate ________ 16. Are each of the following reactions an oxidation reaction, a reduction reaction, both or neither? NADP+ → NADPH Oxidation Reduction Both Neither ADP + PO4 → ATP Oxidation Reduction Both Neither Oxidation Reduction Both Neither 17. We can isolate mitochondria from liver cells and measure the rate at which electron transport proceeds as well as their ability to make ATP. Then we can modify their phospholipids and observe the following effects: 17A. If we modify the phospholipids in the mitochondria so that they are less unsaturated, we find the rate at which electron transport proceeds decreases substantially as does the amount of ATP synthesized. Please briefly explain why less unsaturated phospholipids cause these effects. 17B. Alternatively, if we modify the phospholipids in the mitochondria so that they are more unsaturated, we find that electron transport proceeds well, but very little ATP is made. Please briefly explain why more unsaturated phospholipids cause these effects. 17C. Based on the above data, what do you think would happen to the rate of electron transport and the amount of ATP made if we added cholesterol to the membrane? Why? 18. The following reaction requires a coenzyme. Is NAD+ or NADH the second substrate? Briefly explain how you arrived at your answer. Substrate: NAD+ or NADH