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Evolution • Change in populations overtime • specifically a change in the gene pool • Populations change, NOT individuals • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faRlFsYmkeY&feature=related Charles Darwin •The Father of Evolution •Coined the term “Natural Selection” Natural Selection • Natural Selection: Organisms with certain variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation • Organisms without these variations are less likely to survive and reproduce Natural Selection EX: • 1) There is a variation in traits (some brown and green beetles) • 2) Green beetles are more easily seen, and are therefore more likely to be eaten • 3) Brown color is an advantageous trait, therefore they are better able to survive • 4) End result: Brown Beetles reproduce brown beetles Artificial Selection • How humans influence evolution • AKA selective breeding • Humans pick and choose what organisms can and will reproduce • EX: Domesticated animals and crops Sexual Selection • It’s an organisms ability to obtain a mate • It is powerful enough for the male to produce features that are harmful to its ability to survive, but are appealing to a female The “Prettier” the male the more likely a female will choose it. Female Which one should I choose? ? How does Evolution occur? • Evolution can happen gradually or in rapid bursts • 1) Gradualism • 2) Punctuated Equilibrium Gradualism • Species evolves through a SLOW change of adaptions • Some evidence in fossil record supports it EX: Camel Punctuated Equilibrium • Punctuated Equilibrium: Speciation occurs through rapid bursts with periods of genetic equilibrium • These rapid bursts are due to environmental changes • EX: Elephants Punctuated Equilibrium Gradualism Vocabulary • Natural Selection • Artificial Selection/Selective Breeding • Sexual Selection • Gradualism • Punctuated Equilibrium STOP Warthog do now • warthog Anatomy: Indirect Evidence of Evolution • 2 kinds of anatomy evolutionary biologists look at • 1) Homologous Structures • 2) Analogous Structures Homologous Structures • Structural features with a common evolutionary origin • Have a similar structure, but different function • Demonstrates organisms evolved from a common ancestor Homologous Structures Divergent Evolution • Have a common ancestor, but have developed different traits to adapt to their environment • EX: Bat and human Analogous Structure • Body parts of organisms that DO NOT have a common evolutionary organism • BUT, have a similar function • EX: bird and butterfly wing Analogous Structures Convergent Evolution • Unrelated species evolve similar traits but are NOT related • Has to do with the environment • EX: Shark and Dolphin Convergent Evolution FINS EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY of EACH OTHER, but THEY ALL NEEDED FINS TO BE ABLE TO SWIN STOP Video on Sickle Cell Anemia • Sickle Cell Video Population Genetics & Evo • Populations evolve, not individuals • Evolution occurs in a populations genes, and the frequency of those genes change over time Gene Pool • All of the alleles of the populations • Wait, what’s an allele again? • An allele has different forms of gene • EX: T= tall, t= short Allelic Frequency • Allelic Frequency is the percent of any specific allele in the gene pool • There is an 80% chance a baby frog will be green Genetic Equilibrium • Frequency of alleles that remains the same over generations Change in Genetic Equilibrium • In order to evolve, something needs to change the allelic frequency in the gene pool • If there is a change in the gene pool, evolution can happen 4 ways Evolution can happen • Natural Selection • Mutation • Genetic Drift • Gene Flow Natural Selection • Is the result of variations among offspring, struggle for survival, and adaptive value of advantageous traits • The diversity of life today, is a result of natural selection Mutation • Mutations and genetic variation occur through the recombining and sorting of meiosis • What cell does a mutation need to occur in, in order to be passed on to its offspring? Genetic Drift • When the chance of allele frequency changes • Happens when populations become isolated, and an allele will appear more frequently because the population is small Ex: Polydactyl in Amish Gene Flow • The movement of genes in and out of a population (Migration) • With the movement of people, genes can move in and out of a gene pool • Evolution is like the growth of a tree • Some branches die out, some survive and never change, and other continue to give rise to other branches DO NOW: WHICH ORGANISM IS BEST ADAPTED FOR A COLD CLIMATE? Furless Rabbit Rabbit W/ Fur • Genetic Drift • Genotype • Gene pool • Phenotype • Gene Flow • Allele • Allelic Frequency • Artificial Selection • Homologous Structure • Analogous Structure • Comparative Embryology • Comparative Anatomy • Fossils STOP Adaptive Radiation • When an ancestral specie evolves into an array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats • It is a type of Divergent Evolution • Ex: Darwin’s Finches Adaptive Radiation Speciation • Speciation- the evolution of new species • How does it happen? • When a member of similar species can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring 3 ways Speciation Happens • 1) Physical Barrier (Geographic Isolation) • 2) Reproductive Isolation • 3) Change in chromosome number