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Hart 1 AP Psych Chapter 1 Notes: Developmental Psychologist: Are babies born with their personalities and temperaments? How do infants become attached to their parents? When do sex differences in behavior emerge? How does puberty affect young people? What ways do adults adjust to partnership, parenting, middle age, retirement and death? Physiological Psychologist: Brain and nervous system studies What happens when a person has a stroke? Looks at hormones, psychoactive meds, social drugs and their affect on people Changes in hormone level cause mood swings To what degree is intelligence hereditary? Shyness? Does alcoholism and depression run in families? To what extent do men and women think differently and respond differently? Stress and health is an exciting part of contemporary societies study. Are certain racial groups more vulnerable to certain types of illnesses or conditions? Does stress affect your health? Does an experience with prejudice cause a constant state of vigilance? Experimental Psychologist: How do people remember, and what makes them forget? How do people make decisions and solve problems? Do men and women go about solving problems in the same way? Why are some people more motivated than others? Personality Psychology: Differences among individuals in such traits as anxiety, Sociability, self-esteem, the need for achievement, and aggressiveness. Why are some people optimists and some pessimists? Are there consistent differences between men and women in anxiety, conscientiousness, and amiability? Clinical and Counseling Psychology: The therapist. Clinical psychologists interested in cause and treatment of patients Counseling psychologists concerned with “normal” problems of adjustment that most face at some point in time. Hart 2 Drugs v. psychotherapy New meds – Thorazine, Valium and prozac reflect advances in our knowledge of Biochemical basis of psych disorders. What are some recent drugs that are used in the treatment of psychological disorders? Is drug therapy a substitute for psychotherapy? Why or why not? What is the controversy around ADHD and drug use? And gender? Social Psychologists: How do people influence each other? First impressions, interpersonal attractions, how attitudes get formed and maintained. What causes some people to resist peer pressure? Do ethnic social organizations promote mutual tolerance or contribute to maintaining social distance? Industrial and Organization Psychology Selecting and training personnel, improving productivity and working conditions, and impact of automation on workers Can we determine in advance who will be good as a sales person or airline pilot? Do organizations operate differently under female / male leadership? How do you improve group morale? Enduring Issues: Person- Situation: How much behavior is caused by processes inside the person and outside the person. Inside: thoughts, emotions, attitudes, values, personality and genes. Outside: incentives, cues in the environment, and presence of other people? Heredity – Environment -- nature vs nurture Stability-Change – To what extent do people stay the same throughout their lives? How much do we change? Can you teach old dogs new tricks? Diversity: To what extent is every person like everyone else and what was are we like some others and what ways are we unique? Consider gender, racial or ethnic groups societies? Hart 3 Mind-Body Relationship between thoughts and feelings and biological processes – activity in the nervous system> Psychology as a Science: Rely on the scientific method Collect data carefully through observation Attempt to explain what they have observed by developing theories Make new predictions based on those theories Systematically test those predictions thorough more observations and experimentation to see if correct Use the scientific method to: Describe Understand Predict Achieve control over study Example of aggression in males vs. females Studies show males more aggressive Explanations may vary: a physiological psychologist would think differences are due to genetics or body chemistry A developmental psych looks at the way a child is taught to behave “like a boy” or “like a girl: Social psychologists might explain differences as a function of cultural restraints against aggressive behavior in women. Explanations become theories about the causes of sex differences in aggression Each theory allows us to make a number of new hypotheses or predictions about the issue in question. Each predictions or hypotheses scan be tested through research – results should indicate which theory is better than another at accounting for known facts and predicting new facts. Science vs Non-science: Beware of “common sense” or “old wives tales” or our own personal observations They are not scientific Philosophy and religion – ethics human values, -- stuff that cannot be resolved through research – they are matters of faith or belief. Psych does not seek to compete or replace philosophy and religion. Psychologists describe and explain human thought and behavior. Hart 4 Questions of what is right or wrong, good or evil, are value judgments and beyond the scope of science Astrology, palm reading, fortune telling and the like are pseudo-sciences. Yet psychologists would study to figure out why some people believe in them and others do not. They would be interested in the power of persuasion. Thinking critically: Define problems, examine evidence, analyze assumptions, consider alternatives, and find reasons to support or reject an argument, avoid oversimplifying, draw conclusions carefully. The growth of psychology: What contributions did Darwin make to the study of psychology? Showed humans are not above the laws of nature Can be studied like other animals Inspired others to apply the scientific method to our own species paving the way for modern psychology Wundt and Titchener: Structuralism First formal lab – tried to study everything about perception – was a little over ambitious – but his insistence on measurement and experimentation marked psychology as a science Titchener – wrote that psychology is the science of consciousness – broke consciousness down into three basic elements: Physical l sensation Feelings Images Saw psychology’s roles as identifying these elements and showing how they can be combined and integrated. Because it stresses the basic units of experience and combinations thereof it is called structuralism William James: Functionalism First American born – linked physiology and philosophy. Hart 5 Felt our minds are constantly weaving associations. Perceptions, emotions and images cannot be separated. Consciousness flows in a continuous stream. Mental association allows us to benefit from previous experience. When we repeat something our nervous systems are change – each repetition is easier than the previous one. He developed a functionalist theory of mental life and behavior. Interested in how an individual learns to function in their environment. Wrote first textbook. Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic Psychology Humans are not as rational as they think Free will is an illusion Motivated by unconscious instincts and urges that are not available to the rational conscious part of our mind To uncover the unconscious – developed psychoanalysis Dream interpretation and free association. Stages of personality development Can become fixated Unconscious desires have their roots in sexual repression. Oedipal conflict Controversial and shocking Today the school of psychodynamic theory is modern Freudian. John Watson: Behaviorism Challenges structuralism, functionalist, and psychodynamic theories. Only interested in the measurable, observable behavior All behavior is a learned response to some stimulus in the environment It is called conditioning Did the famous “Little Albert” experiment. Tabula Rasa – concept see quote on p. 15. Mary Cover Jones worked on eliminating fears: early development of what is today systematic desensitization. B.F. Skinner: Behaviorism Developed the idea of reinforcement. Rewarded subjects for behaving the way he wanted them to behave. Hart 6 Gestalt Psychology Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka – perception and tricks that the mind plays on itself. Gestalt psychology means “whole” or “form” tendency to see patterns, to distinguish and object from its background and complete a picture from a few cues Existential and d Humanistic Psychology Search for meaning in an indifferent or hostile world. Modern American are lost souls – no myths and heroes. Laing believed in this world psychotic behavior is a reasonable normal response to an abnormal world. They guide people toward an inner sense of identity – take responsibility for their actions and achieve freedom. Humanistic People must learn how to realize their human potential