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Immune Response 1. Cells involved in the Immune response #1. B lymphocytes: A lymphocyte, also called a b cell that matures without passing through the thalamus and later can develop into a plasma cell that produces antibodies. Develops from stem cells in the bone marrow. Resides in lymphoid tissue. Found in lymph nodes and other locations (ex. Tonsillar tissues). There are two types of B lymphocytes: plasma cells and B memory cells. 2. Cells involved in the Immune response #1A. Plasma cells: One of the two types of B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes become plasma cells when stimulated by antigens. Plasma cells produce the specific antibody needed to fight the specific antigen. They are produced in chronic inflammation and in the immune response. 3. Cells involved in the Immune response #1B. Immunoglobulin: Plasma cells produce proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins (Igs). Specific antibodies are produced in response to specific antigens. There are five different types of antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, and IgD. (GAMED) 4. Cells involved in the immune response #1C. Immune Complex: The immune complex is when the antibodies combine with antigen. Also called an antigen-antibody complex. 5. Cells involved in the immune response #1D. B Memory Cell: I am one of the two types of B lymphocytes. I retain the memory of previously encountered antigens. In the presence of an antigen, I duplicate or clone myself. All of the newly formed cells retain the capacity to remember previously encountered antigens. 6. Cells involved in the immune response #2. T Lymphocytes: They come from bone marrow stem cells and mature in the thymus before migrating to the tissues. They are also called T-cells. They are responsible for cellmediated immunity and may modulate the hurmoral response as well. There are many types of T lymphocytes; each one has a different function. 7. Cells involved in the immune response #2A. T-helper Cells: Increase the functioning of the B lymphocytes (enhancing the antibody response) and are easily identifiable by the T4 cell marker. The infiltrate contains primarily Thelper cells in the prodromal stage and in the healing stage. 8. Cells involved in the immune response #2B. T-suppressor Cells: “Turn off” or suppress the functioning B lymphocytes. 9. Cells in the immune response #2C. Cytokine: Products of both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. They have many functions. One of their important functions is to activate the macrophages to go out and attack the foreign debris. Interferon is an important type of cytokine that modulates the activity of many parts of the immune system. Cytokine Function Intereukins (ILs) Macrophage chemotactic Factor (MCF) Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) Macrophage-activating Factor (MAF) Lymphotoxin (LT) Interferons (IFNs) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Stimulates leukocyte proliferation and other functions Stimulates macrophage emigration Inhibits macrophage activity Activates macrophages to produce and secrete lysosomal enzymes Destroys fibroblasts Various functions involving leukocytes, fibroblasts, & endothelial cells Various functions involving leukocytes and fibroblasts 10. Cells involved in the immune response #3. NK Cells: A lymphocyte that is part of the body’s initial innate immunity, which by unknown mechanisms is able to directly destroy cells recognized as foreign. It is not considered the main two types, but rather a third type of lymphocyte. In several immunodeficiency diseases, including AIDS, NK cell function is abnormal. 11. Cells involved in the immune response #4. Macrophage: A macrophage begins as a monocyte circulating in the blood and transforms into a macrophage as it enters the tissue. Macrophages and the second type of blood cell at the site of injury and are 3-8% of the white blood cell population. If injury persists and chronic inflammation occurs, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells dominate the tissue. Macrophages respond to chemotactic factors, are capable of phagocytosis, mobile, and have lysosomal enzymes in their cytoplasm that assist in the destruction of foreign substances. 11a. Figure 3-5. T lymphocyte Cell Mediated Response Stem Cell B lymphocyte (Primary Cell) Plasma Cell (Antibodies) Humoral Response The immune response to an antigen can take two forms: cell-mediated and humoral. The cell mediated response regulates both major responses, therefore they are interrelated. T lymphocytes normally work alone or assisted by macrophages in the cell mediated response whereas B lymphocytes are the primary cell of the humoral response and produce antibodies. 12. Major divisions of the immune response. Humoral Response: Involves the production of antibodies. B lymphocytes are the primary cell. The humoral response is regulated by the cell-mediated response of the immune system. 13. Major divisions of the immune response. Cell-mediated Response: One main mechanism of the immune system. It involves lymphocytes working alone (usually T lymphocytes) or is assisted by macrophages. Cellmediated response regulates both major responses (humoral and cell-mediated). The two are interrelated. 14. Types of Immunity. Passive Immunity: Passive immunity is when our body uses antibodies produced by another person to protect us against infectious disease. This type of immunity can occur naturally or it can be acquired. Natural passive immunity occurs when antibodies form a mother pass through the placenta to the developing fetus. The antibodies help protect the newborn against disease until their own immune system matures. Passive immunity can also be acquired through an injection of antibodies against a microorganism to which a person has not previously developed antibodies. 15. Types of Immunity. Active Immunity: Active immunity is one of the two types of immunity; passive and active. It can occur naturally or be acquired. Natural active immunity is the result of the body response to disease. Being injected with a vaccine or ingesting an altered pathogenic microorganism results in acquired active immunity. Immunization lowers the risk of disease because it prepares the body to fight the antigen. 16. Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity. Type I Hypersensitivity: A reaction that occurs immediately after exposure to a previous antigen (such as pollen, latex, penicillin). Plasma cells produce IgE in response to an antigen. IgE causes mast cells to release their granules containing histamine, increasing dilation and permeability of blood vessels, constricting muscles in the bronchioles in the lungs (this is why it is harder to breath because less space for air flow). This type of hypersensitivity ranges from everyday hay fever to the more serious asthma and then finally to anaphylaxis (a life threatening condition). 17. Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity. Type II Hypersensitivity: Antibodies combine with antigens on tissues that the body views as foreign. This result in the destruction of the tissues that have the antigens on their cells. Usually the specific tissue affected is red blood cells. This reaction can happen with an incompatible blood transfusion where the new RBC are attacked and destroyed. This reaction can also happen in Rhesus (Rh) incompatibility. In this case a mother’s body view the fetus as foreign and attacks the baby’s RBCs by sending antibodies across the placenta. This causes hemolytic anemia in the newborn. 18. Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity. Type III Hypersensitivity: Occurs when immune complexes (antigen/antibody complexes, in this case IgM and IgG antibodies) leave the blood and are deposited in various body tissues or in a localized area. This deposition results in an acute inflammatory response. Neutrophils are then attracted to the area (chemotaxis). As a result of phagocytosis, lysosomal enzymes are released, causing tissue destruction. This reaction can take hours to days to develop. 19. Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity. Type IV Hypersensitivity: Also called delayed hypersensitivity. Involves cellmediated response rather than humoral. T lymphocytes that have previously been introduce to an antigen cause damage to the tissue cells themselves or they recruit other cells. This type of hypersensitivity reaction is put to use in the TB test. This type of hypersensitivity is responsible for the rejection of tissue graphs and transplanted organs. 20. Autoimmune diseases: Typical Autoimmune Diseases: A disease characterized by tissue injury caused by a humoral or cell-mediated response against constituents of the body’s own tissues. Some types of autoimmune diseases are: diabetes mellitus, apthous ulcers, urticaria and angioedema (hives), contact mucositis and dermatitis, erythema multiforme, lichen planus, Reiter syndrome, Langerhans cells disease, and many, many more!!!!! 21. Immunodeficient. Immunodeficient: I was born with a condition where I don’t have enough white blood cells, and the ones I do have don’t work well with each other. I have to be especially careful of not being exposed to bacteria and viruses because my immune system can’t fight things off very well at all. I’ve had several tumors develop due to this condition. Fig 3-1 Bone Marrow Stem Cell Thymus T Cell Blood Lymphocytes PMN Blood Monocyte Tissue Mactrophage Lymph Tissue B Cell