Download Immune Response 1. Cells involved in the Immune response #1. B

Immune Response
1. Cells involved in the Immune response #1.
B lymphocytes: A lymphocyte, also called a b cell that matures without passing through
the thalamus and later can develop into a plasma cell that produces antibodies. Develops from
stem cells in the bone marrow. Resides in lymphoid tissue. Found in lymph nodes and other
locations (ex. Tonsillar tissues). There are two types of B lymphocytes: plasma cells and B
memory cells.
2. Cells involved in the Immune response #1A.
Plasma cells: One of the two types of B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes become plasma
cells when stimulated by antigens. Plasma cells produce the specific antibody needed to fight
the specific antigen. They are produced in chronic inflammation and in the immune response.
3. Cells involved in the Immune response #1B.
Immunoglobulin: Plasma cells produce proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are also
called immunoglobulins (Igs). Specific antibodies are produced in response to specific antigens.
There are five different types of antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, and IgD. (GAMED)
4. Cells involved in the immune response #1C.
Immune Complex: The immune complex is when the antibodies combine with antigen.
Also called an antigen-antibody complex.
5. Cells involved in the immune response #1D.
B Memory Cell: I am one of the two types of B lymphocytes. I retain the memory of
previously encountered antigens. In the presence of an antigen, I duplicate or clone myself. All
of the newly formed cells retain the capacity to remember previously encountered antigens.
6. Cells involved in the immune response #2.
T Lymphocytes: They come from bone marrow stem cells and mature in the thymus
before migrating to the tissues. They are also called T-cells. They are responsible for cellmediated immunity and may modulate the hurmoral response as well. There are many types of T
lymphocytes; each one has a different function.
7. Cells involved in the immune response #2A.
T-helper Cells: Increase the functioning of the B lymphocytes (enhancing the antibody
response) and are easily identifiable by the T4 cell marker. The infiltrate contains primarily Thelper cells in the prodromal stage and in the healing stage.
8. Cells involved in the immune response #2B.
T-suppressor Cells: “Turn off” or suppress the functioning B lymphocytes.
9. Cells in the immune response #2C.
Cytokine: Products of both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. They have many
functions. One of their important functions is to activate the macrophages to go out and attack
the foreign debris. Interferon is an important type of cytokine that modulates the activity of
many parts of the immune system.
Cytokine
Function
Intereukins (ILs)
Macrophage chemotactic
Factor (MCF)
Migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
Macrophage-activating
Factor (MAF)
Lymphotoxin (LT)
Interferons (IFNs)
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
Stimulates leukocyte proliferation and other functions
Stimulates macrophage emigration
Inhibits macrophage activity
Activates macrophages to produce and secrete lysosomal enzymes
Destroys fibroblasts
Various functions involving leukocytes, fibroblasts, & endothelial cells
Various functions involving leukocytes and fibroblasts
10. Cells involved in the immune response #3.
NK Cells: A lymphocyte that is part of the body’s initial innate immunity, which by
unknown mechanisms is able to directly destroy cells recognized as foreign. It is not considered
the main two types, but rather a third type of lymphocyte. In several immunodeficiency diseases,
including AIDS, NK cell function is abnormal.
11. Cells involved in the immune response #4.
Macrophage: A macrophage begins as a monocyte circulating in the blood and
transforms into a macrophage as it enters the tissue. Macrophages and the second type of blood
cell at the site of injury and are 3-8% of the white blood cell population. If injury persists and
chronic inflammation occurs, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells dominate the tissue.
Macrophages respond to chemotactic factors, are capable of phagocytosis, mobile, and have
lysosomal enzymes in their cytoplasm that assist in the destruction of foreign substances.
11a. Figure 3-5.
T lymphocyte
Cell Mediated
Response
Stem Cell
B lymphocyte
(Primary Cell)
Plasma Cell
(Antibodies)
Humoral
Response
The immune response to an antigen can take two forms: cell-mediated and humoral. The cell
mediated response regulates both major responses, therefore they are interrelated. T
lymphocytes normally work alone or assisted by macrophages in the cell mediated response
whereas B lymphocytes are the primary cell of the humoral response and produce antibodies.
12. Major divisions of the immune response.
Humoral Response: Involves the production of antibodies. B lymphocytes are the
primary cell. The humoral response is regulated by the cell-mediated response of the immune
system.
13. Major divisions of the immune response.
Cell-mediated Response: One main mechanism of the immune system. It involves
lymphocytes working alone (usually T lymphocytes) or is assisted by macrophages. Cellmediated response regulates both major responses (humoral and cell-mediated). The two are
interrelated.
14. Types of Immunity.
Passive Immunity: Passive immunity is when our body uses antibodies produced by
another person to protect us against infectious disease. This type of immunity can occur
naturally or it can be acquired. Natural passive immunity occurs when antibodies form a mother
pass through the placenta to the developing fetus. The antibodies help protect the newborn
against disease until their own immune system matures. Passive immunity can also be acquired
through an injection of antibodies against a microorganism to which a person has not previously
developed antibodies.
15. Types of Immunity.
Active Immunity: Active immunity is one of the two types of immunity; passive and
active. It can occur naturally or be acquired. Natural active immunity is the result of the body
response to disease. Being injected with a vaccine or ingesting an altered pathogenic
microorganism results in acquired active immunity. Immunization lowers the risk of disease
because it prepares the body to fight the antigen.
16. Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity.
Type I Hypersensitivity: A reaction that occurs immediately after exposure to a
previous antigen (such as pollen, latex, penicillin). Plasma cells produce IgE in response to an
antigen. IgE causes mast cells to release their granules containing histamine, increasing dilation
and permeability of blood vessels, constricting muscles in the bronchioles in the lungs (this is
why it is harder to breath because less space for air flow). This type of hypersensitivity ranges
from everyday hay fever to the more serious asthma and then finally to anaphylaxis (a life
threatening condition).
17. Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity.
Type II Hypersensitivity: Antibodies combine with antigens on tissues that the body
views as foreign. This result in the destruction of the tissues that have the antigens on their cells.
Usually the specific tissue affected is red blood cells.
This reaction can happen with an incompatible blood transfusion where the new RBC are
attacked and destroyed.
This reaction can also happen in Rhesus (Rh) incompatibility. In this case a mother’s body view
the fetus as foreign and attacks the baby’s RBCs by sending antibodies across the placenta. This
causes hemolytic anemia in the newborn.
18. Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity.
Type III Hypersensitivity: Occurs when immune complexes (antigen/antibody
complexes, in this case IgM and IgG antibodies) leave the blood and are deposited in various
body tissues or in a localized area. This deposition results in an acute inflammatory response.
Neutrophils are then attracted to the area (chemotaxis). As a result of phagocytosis, lysosomal
enzymes are released, causing tissue destruction. This reaction can take hours to days to
develop.
19. Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity.
Type IV Hypersensitivity: Also called delayed hypersensitivity. Involves cellmediated response rather than humoral. T lymphocytes that have previously been introduce to
an antigen cause damage to the tissue cells themselves or they recruit other cells. This type of
hypersensitivity reaction is put to use in the TB test. This type of hypersensitivity is responsible
for the rejection of tissue graphs and transplanted organs.
20. Autoimmune diseases:
Typical Autoimmune Diseases: A disease characterized by tissue injury caused by a
humoral or cell-mediated response against constituents of the body’s own tissues. Some types of
autoimmune diseases are: diabetes mellitus, apthous ulcers, urticaria and angioedema (hives),
contact mucositis and dermatitis, erythema multiforme, lichen planus, Reiter syndrome,
Langerhans cells disease, and many, many more!!!!!
21. Immunodeficient.
Immunodeficient: I was born with a condition where I don’t have enough white blood
cells, and the ones I do have don’t work well with each other. I have to be especially careful of
not being exposed to bacteria and viruses because my immune system can’t fight things off very
well at all. I’ve had several tumors develop due to this condition.
Fig 3-1
Bone
Marrow
Stem Cell
Thymus
T
Cell
Blood
Lymphocytes
PMN
Blood
Monocyte
Tissue
Mactrophage
Lymph Tissue
B
Cell