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Final Exam Review (Honors Biology) – June, 2015
(Chapters - 8, 9, 12, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Chapters 8 & 9
1. What is the energy source in all cells? _________________
2. When a phosphate group is removed from ATP, what is released? _____________________
Removing this phosphate group from ATP creates ____________
3. Cellular respiration releases _______________ by breaking down food/glucose molecules.
Cellular respiration occurs in all __________________ cells.
4. Write the balanced equation for cellular respiration below:
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. List the 3 stages of cellular respiration in order.
a. ____________________
b. ____________________
c. ____________________
6. Where does glycolysis take place in the cell? ________________.
Where does cellular respiration take place in the cell? ___________________________
7. How many ATP molecules does glycolysis YIELD? _________. How many ATP molecules are gotten
from cellular respiration? __________.
8. Cellular respiration is considered an aerobic process because it requires presence of
______________. An anaerobic respiration does not.
9. What is the name of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose? __________________________.
10. What are the two main types of fermentation? _______________ and __________________.
11. Where does lactic acid fermentation occur in animals? ___________________.
What does it cause? ______________________.
12. What type of fermentation occurs in bread dough? _______________________.
13. What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
__________________________________________________________________________________.
14. What organelle captures sunlight in plants? _________________________.
15. What pigment gives green plants their color? ___________________.
16. Most plants appear green because chlorophyll does not absorb _______________ light.
17. In the Figure 8-6 The light dependent reaction uses light energy to produce ATP and oxygen (as a
waste product). It occurs in the thylakoids of the chloroplast.
The light-independent reactions use the ATP from the light-dependent reactions, carbon dioxide and
water to produce high energy sugars (glucose). It occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. It is also
known as the Calvin cycle.
What structure is shown as G below in Figure 8-6 – ______________________.
Figure 8-6
18. What gas is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis? __________________________
19. Where does O2 come from (hint Substance “A” in fig 8-6 splits)? _____________________________
Comparison of Photosynthesis and Respiration
Raw Materials
Products
Purpose
20.
Photosynthesis
water and CO2
glucose and oxygen
store energy
Respiration
glucose and oxygen
water and CO2
release energy
The process of _______________________ and
____________________ can be thought of as a cycle because -- the products of one are used as the
raw materials of the other
Chapter 12
1. Identify the names of the scientists who discovered the following:
2. _____________________- Used mice to see how a bacteria caused disease (transformation of
harmless bacteria into disease causing ones)
3. ____________________ - Destroyed all cell products but DNA to find what genes are made of
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4. ________________and __________ - Radioactive viruses used to show DNA is molecule of heredity
5. _____________________ - % of “A” = % of “T” and the % of “C” = % of “G”
6. ____________________________ - Discovered the shape of DNA through x-ray diffraction
7. ________________ and ___________ - discovered double helix- 3 dimensional shape & structure of
DNA
Figure 12-1
8. The structure labeled X in Figure 12-1 is a(an)
______________________ (monomer).
9. Monomers connect to form _______________ ____________ which
is a polymer.
10. What does DNA stand for? ________________________ __________.
11. In DNA molecule nitrogen bases (C & G and A& T) are held together
by __________________bonds.
12. The Watson and Crick model of DNA is a(an) ____________ __________, in which two strands are
wound around each other.
13. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the ________________.
14. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases
______________________.
15. A change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information is ________________.
16. What are the four main types of chromosomal mutations and what happens during each?
________________ – a piece breaks off and attaches in the ___________ order
________________ – a piece of a chromosome is _____________
________________ – a piece of a chromosome is _____________
________________ – a piece of a chromosome breaks off and ____________ to another
chromosome
17. The process of transferring information from DNA to RNA is called ___________________________
18. The process of transcription takes place in the _________________
19. During transcription, DNA serves as a template for producing mRNA, which leaves the nucleus.
_______________________carries coded instructions from DNA to ribosome.
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Figure 12-3
20. In Figure 12-3, A, B, and C are three types of
___________.
21. Which process changes the mRNA base sequence into the amino acid sequence for protein synthesis?
_____________________________
22. Which organelle makes proteins when its rRNA moves along the mRNA and reads the message
during protein synthesis? ______________
23. What is molecule B in Figure 12-3, and what is its function? _____________ ________ (__________)
24. ____________________________________________________________________.
25. What are the three main parts of an RNA nucleotide? ___________ sugar, _____________ group,
_________________ base.
26. Unlike DNA, _________________ contains nitrogen base called uracil.
Figure 12-2
27. According to Figure 12-2, what codons specify the amino acid arginine? ___________, ___________,
____________, _____________
28. How many bases are needed to make each codon? ___________________
29. How many codons are needed to specify one amino acids? ____________
30. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ___________ __________ in
proteins.
31. Genes contain instructions for assembling __________________.
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Chapters 11 & 14
1. The different forms of a gene are called __________________.
2. Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be ___________________.
3. _____________________ is the likelihood that a particular event will occur.
4. When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails? ________
5. A __________ ___________ is a diagram that shows the genotypes of the offspring, the alleles in the
gametes of each parent, all possible results of a genetic cross, but does not show the actual results of a
genetic cross.
6. A phenotype is the _____________________ characteristic of an organism.
Tt
T
T
t
TT
Tt
TT
T
TT
T
=
tall
t
=
short
Tt
Figure 11-1
7. In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11-1, the genotypes of the offspring are _____ and _____and
phenotypes of all the offspring is __________.
8. Pea plants that are TT, Tt have same/different genotypes. (circle one choice).
9. Crossing a pure-bred green-podded (dominant trait) plant with a pure-bred yellow-podded (recessive
trait) plant is symbolized by: ______________
10. When Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants (TT) with true-breeding short plants (tt), the
offspring were tall (Tt) because the allele for tallness is _________________________.
11. In the P generation, a heretozygous tall plant is crossed with a homozygous short plant. The probability
that an F1 plant will be tall is ____________%
12. The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can ________________
independently during the formation of gametes.
13. The principle of dominance states that _________________________________________________.
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14. How many recessive alleles for a trait must an organism inherit in order to show that trait? ______
15. How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose
genotype was RrYY? _________.
16. If a pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant that is
homozygous for round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy), how many different kinds of
phenotypes are their offspring expected to show?________.
17. __________________ _______________ is when one allele is not completely dominant over another.
18. _____________________ is when both alleles show up in the phenotype.
19. Multiple alleles – Give an example . _______________________________________.
20. Polygenic traits – Give an example. ___________________________________________
21. In cross between a black fowl and a white fowl, the offspring produced were blue (incomplete
dominance). Show the cross between black and blue fowls. Determine the possible genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring.
Key
Parent Genotypes
=
=
X
=
X
Gametes
Punnett Square
Genotype ratios:
Phenotype ratios:
22. Colorblindness is a X linked recessive trait.
Cross a carrier female with a colorblind male.
Key
=
Parent Genotypes
X
X
Possible
Gametes
=
=
=
Punnett Square
=
Genotype ratios:
Phenotype ratios:
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23. Give three examples of sex-linked disorders.
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
24. A chromosome consists of many ______________.
25. What are all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes called? _________________.
26. What chromosomes are needed to produce a female? _______ male? ________
27. The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called
_________________________________
28. Three copies of chromosome 21 (Down Syndrome) is known as __________________.
29. What sex chromosomes do people with Turner syndrome have? _______________
30. Males with Klinefelter syndrome have an extra ___________ chromosome (karyotype 47,XXY).
31. Sickle cell anemia is a disorder that involves ___________________ alleles and it results in production
of abnormal ______ ______________ _________.
32. What does the following picture show? ________________
33. The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the more/less likely they are to be inherited
together. (circle one choice)
34. What are Gametes? ___________________________________________; examples are _____, ______.
35. Gametes or sex cells have ______ complete set of chromosomes (one allele for each gene) that means
gametes have only ________the number of chromosomes as compared to organism’s all other body
cells.
36. All the regular body cells (somatic cells) are diploid (have ____ complete sets of chromosomes). The
diploid number is indicated by ____). The _______ are haploid (haploid number is indicated by N or 1N).
Mitosis
All somatic cells result from mitosis
Meiosis
Only sex cells result from meiosis
______ daughter cells – exactly identical to each
other and parent cell
________ daughter cells – genetically different
from each other and parent cell
# of chromosomes remains same
Diploid Diploid
4 phases
# of chromosomes is cut in half
Diploidhaploid
8 phases
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RrYy
RY
Ry
rY
ry
RY
RRYY
RRYy
RrYY
RrYy
Ry
RRYy
RRyy
RrYy
Rryy
RrYy
rY
RrYY
RrYy
rrYY
rrYy
ry
RrYy
Rryy
X
Y
Seed Shape
R – round
r – wrinkled
Seed Color
Y – yellow
y – green
Figure 11-2
37. What is the phenotype ratio of the offspring in the Punnett square shown in Figure 11-2? _____________
38. Identify the phenotype of the offspring represented in the square labeled X in Figure 11-2? _________
39. How many of the offspring will be Round, Yellow? _____
40. What will be genotype of the offspring represented in the square labeled Y in Figure 11-2? ____________
Figure 11-5
41. In Figure 11-5, what is the genotype of the pink-flowered snapdragons? ________.
42. What do the alleles in Figure 11-5 show? _______________ _____________.
43. According to Figure 11-5, if red-flowered snapdragons and ivory-flowered snapdragons are crossed, what
percentage of their offspring would be expected to be pink-flowered? ___________.
44. According to Figure 11-5, if two pink-flowered snapdragons are crossed, what percentage of their
offspring would be expected to be pink-flowered? _________.
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Chapters 15, 16 and 17
1. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of _________________selection.
2. According to Darwin, early giraffes probably had necks of same/different lengths and the ones that were
better adapted, survived. (circle one choice)
3. Whose theory was “use or lose.” ___________________.
4. According to Lamarck’s theory _____________ traits are passed on to offspring.
5. Structures that are reduced in size and have no apparent function are called as
________________structure
6. The appendix is an example of a _____________________ structure.
7. The wing of a bird and the wing of an insect are examples of _________________ structures because
they have the same function, but different structure.
8. The flipper of a dolphin and the leg of a dog are examples of ________________ structures because they
have same basic structure (have different mature forms but develop from same embryonic tissues)
but different function.
9. What is evolution? _______________________________________________________________.
10. What are fossils? __________________________________________________________________.
11. The scientists who study fossils and interpret the fossil record are known as _____________________.
12. The oldest/youngest fossils would normally be found in the lowest rock layers.
13. What are evidences of evolution?
a. _____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
c. ______________________________________
14. The similarity between embryos (if embryos look similar for longer) indicates that some organisms have
a common ___________________.
15. What is the half-life of an element? _______________________________________________________.
16. _________________________ isolation is when populations are separated from each other by a
mountain range, new river, etc.
17. Separation of populations by geographic barriers can lead to __________________.
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18. Define “Species”. _____________________________________________________________________.
19. Members of the same species that live in the same area are called as _____________________________.
20. What is a gene pool? ___________________________________________________________________.
21. The __________________________________ Principle explains how often alleles occur in a population.
22. What is an organism’s fitness? ________________________________________________________.
23. The white or light colored peppered moth is the most “fit” in its environment when the trees were
____________ colored.
24. What is genetic drift? __________________________________________________________.
25. The type of genetic drift where a small group of individuals colonize a new habitat is called
______________________________
26. Earth’s first atmosphere contained little or no __________________________.
27. A mutation can change a __________________________.
28. What are the conditions needed for genetic equilibrium?
1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
3. _______________________________________
4. _______________________________________
5. __________________________________________
29. When genetic equilibrium is reached, the allele frequencies remain ____________________________.
The _______________________ occurs when genetic equilibrium is disrupted.
30. When unrelated species begin to look alike because they occupy the same environment, this is
_____________________ evolution.
31. Darwin’s finches were an example of _____________________ radiation, which is when many species
evolve from a common _______________________ and one specific trait is improved in each species in
order to adapt to the environment.
Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6
1. What are the levels of organization of an ecosystem species – ___________________ –
_______________ – _________________ – biome - biosphere
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2. Another word for producer is ______________________.
3. Green plants or algae are examples of _____________________.
4. The organism which can not make their own food are known as _______________________.
5. What does a heterotrophic organism need to do in order to get the energy?
_________________________.
6. A _______________________ obtains nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying matter.
7. A __________________feeds only on meat; a _______________feeds only on plants;
an ______________ feeds on both.
8. Only _________% of the energy stored in an organism can be passed onto the next trophic level. Of the
remaining energy, some is used for the organism’s life processes and the rest is lost as heat.
9. A biomass pyramid shows the amount of living tissue at each trophic level.
Which level of the following energy pyramid has the most biomass?
10. Why can matter recycle through the biosphere? because matter is not used;
it’s ____________________.
11. Of the following, water, nitrogen, carbon and energy, which one is not recycled in the biosphere?
_______________ because it is used.
12. Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances.
Older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the
community. This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called
"_________________________________________".
Primary succession – no soil exists when succession begins (on bare lifeless substrate ex rock or open
lake).
Secondary succession - soil exists and succession begins after disturbance (ex after storm or forest fire,
abandoned farm).
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13. Define:
o denitrification – ___________________________________________________________________
o nitrogen fixation – _________________________________________________________________
o microclimate – ____________________________________________________________________
o demography – _____________________________________________________________________
o niche - ___________________________________________________________________________
o immigration – _____________________________________________________________________
o abiotic- ___________________________________________________________________________
o biotic – ___________________________________________________________________________
o photic zone – ______________________________________________________________________
o aphotic zone – ______________________________________________________________________
o deciduous – ________________________________________________________________________
14. Sulfur and nitrogen compounds in smog combine with water to form ____________ _______________.
15. What happens as DDT moves up the trophic levels in a food chain or web? its levels _______________
16. When an environment has reached the maximum number of individuals it can support, it has reached its
_______________________ ______________.
17. The types of Species Interaction (Symbiosis)
Predation (+/-) – ____________________________________________________________________
Competition (-/-) – ___________________________________________________________________
Parasitism (+/-) – ____________________________________________________________________
Mutualism (+ / +) – __________________________________________________________________
Commensalism - (+ / 0) – _____________________________________________________________
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Inquiry Labs
Use the following table to answer the questions:
1. Write a research question for the above data.
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is IV? _______________________________
3. What is DV? __________________________________________
4. What is control? _______________________________________
5. What are constants? _________________________________________________________________
6. Which experimental group has the highest variation? ________________________
7. What process occurs in algae that produces O2 in presence of light? ___________________________
8. What process occurs in algae that consumes O2? ___________________________________________
9. In absence of light, the amount of O2 produced (mg/L) shows up as a negative number. Why?
___________________________________________________________________________________
10. Look at the data above: If the amount of oxygen produced is measured each hour, for 6 hrs after
adding Nitrogen then what kind of graph should be plotted. – ___________________
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11. What can be concluded from this graph?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Reactants have less energy than products
The enzyme is consumed during the course of reaction
The enzyme lowers the energy of activation for the
reaction
The amount of free energy produced in the reaction
increases with an enzyme
12. The graph on the right shows that
A. More enzymes are present at higher pH
B. Pepsin is more sensitive to pH than trypsin
C. Pepsin is less effective at lower pH than trypsin
D. pH affects the activity rate of the enzymes
13. What is the optimum pH for trypsin __________pH 9
14. How does the following conditions affect the enzyme’s functions and the rate of the chemical
reaction.
Optimal pH – _________________________________________________________________________
above optimal pH - ____________________________________________________________________
below optimal pH - ____________________________________________________________________
Optimal temperature - _________________________________________________________________
above optimal temperature - ___________________________________________________________
below optimal temperature - ___________________________________________________________
Look over…
 Notes from the previous units (they are also available on my website), plant notes
 Labs/Activities
 Punnett square packet and worksheets (mono/dihybrid, incomplete dominance , co-dominance, sexlinked)
 Codon wheel
 Karyotype
 Pedigree
 Carrying capacity
 Energy Pyramid
 All inquiry labs
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