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Name_________________________ Period _______ Cell Cycle (stages below) Interphase *Genetics Test Study Guide* Growing and dividing of cells Copying of DNA and growing of cell Mitosis Process of cells dividing to make more cells for growth of an organism. Be able to draw what is happening in each step, and the order of the phases. (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) Cytokinesis Dividing of cytoplasm Phases of Mitosis* (See below) *Prophase Chromosomes start to become visible *Metaphase Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell *Anaphase Chromosomes begin to pull apart *Telophase Nucleuses start to reform Meiosis Process of cells dividing to make germ cells (sex cells). Know the differences between meiosis and mitosis. Mitosis only makes two cells, meiosis makes 4 cells. Meiosis goes through the phases twice. Mitosis ends up with cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell (diploid) Meiosis ends up with cells that have half the original number of chromosomes (haploid) Sex cells Have half the number of chromosomes Sexual Reproduction Two parents, offspring a combination of parents genetics, more genetic diversity Asexual Reproduction One parent, offspring exactly the same as parent genetically (clone), less genetic diversity. DNA The genetic material in an organism. All the instructions for the organism. (blueprint). Double helix discovered by Watson & Crick. DNA Structure *Adenine *Thymine *Guanine *Cytosine Chromosome Bases of DNA Adenine always with Thymine and Guanine always with Cytocine. These form the steps of the double helix “ladder” Strand of DNA (one chunk of the DNA) Study of DNA and genes and Heredity Genetics Heredity Mendel Passing traits from one generation to the next. Father of Genetics – Monk who studied pea plants and discovered rules about genetics (dominant/recessive etc) Name_________________________ Period _______ *Genetics Test Study Guide* Punnett square Tool to predict traits of offspring (know how to use one of these.) Probability The chances that something will occur. Recessive Trait that can be in genes but be covered by dominant gene Dominant Trait that will show up Allele Different forms of a gene! Gene One section of DNA that has instructions for one trait (to make one protein) Trait Characteristic passed from parents to offspring Mutation A change in the genetic code. codominance Neither trait covers the other up Multiple Allele Gene that is has more than two forms Blood type This is a gene that controlled by 3 alleles, and has 4 blood types A, B, AB, and O Sex linked traits Color blindness The gene is on the X chromosomes and therefore occurs more often in males than females such as colorblindness Sex linked trait Genotype What is in the genes Phenotype The trait that shows up. What we can see by looking at you. X & Y Chromosomes (male vs. female) Pure bred (homozygous) XX = female XY = male be sure you can do a Punnett Square for gender. Hybrid (heterozygous) Same as heterozygous Pedigree Chart Chart to show how traits go through from one generation to the next. Carrier Genetic Disorders Someone who has a trait, but since it is recessive it is covered up. They are half filled in on a pedigree chart. Caused by genetic mutations Down’s Syndrome Caused by 3 #21 chromosomes Same as homozygous Name_________________________ Period _______ *Genetics Test Study Guide* Be able to do Punnett Square problems for example: take a heterozygous person with a widow’s peak (dominant allele) with a person without a widow’s peak. a. What is the percent probability of children with a widow’s peak?___________ b. What is the percent probability of children without a widow’s peak?___________ c. What is the percent probability of homozygous dominant genotype?_________ d. What is the percent probability of heterozygous genotype?_________ e. What is the percent probability of homozygous recessive genotype?__________ Do a Punnett Square when one parent has blood type AB and the other parent is heterozygous for type A blood. f. What is the percent probability of children with type A blood?__________ g. What is the percent probability of children with type B blood?_____________ h. What is the percent probability of children with type AB blood?_________ i. What is the percent probability of children with type O blood?__________ j. What is the percent probability of homozygous recessive genotype?__________ Name_________________________ Period _______ *Genetics Test Study Guide* Draw a pedigree chart filling in as much as you can from the information. (Fill in half if you know it is at least half.) a. Arnold is married to Brenda. They have three kids (Charlie, Dora (the Explorer) and Elvis) b. Charlie marries Gloria and they have two kids (Henry and Isaac). c. Dora (the Explorer) never gets married because she is too busy exploring. d. Elvis marries Pricilla and they have two kids. (Julie and Krista) e. Krista has a condition that causes her nose to bleed when she tilts her head back too far. (We will pretend this is a recessive genetic disorder.) f. Brenda and Gloria also have this condition. g. Please draw the pedigree chart and fill in all the information you can.