Download Quarter 2 Final Exam Preliminary Study Guide

Name_________________________
Period _______
Cell Cycle
(stages below)
Interphase
*Genetics
Test Study Guide*
Growing and dividing of cells
Copying of DNA and growing of cell
Mitosis
Process of cells dividing to make more cells for growth of an organism. Be able
to draw what is happening in each step, and the order of the phases. (interphase,
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Cytokinesis
Dividing of cytoplasm
Phases of Mitosis*
(See below)
*Prophase
Chromosomes start to become visible
*Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell
*Anaphase
Chromosomes begin to pull apart
*Telophase
Nucleuses start to reform
Meiosis
Process of cells dividing to make germ cells (sex cells). Know the differences
between meiosis and mitosis. Mitosis only makes two cells, meiosis makes 4
cells. Meiosis goes through the phases twice. Mitosis ends up with cells that have
the same number of chromosomes as the original cell (diploid) Meiosis ends up
with cells that have half the original number of chromosomes (haploid)
Sex cells
Have half the number of chromosomes
Sexual Reproduction
Two parents, offspring a combination of parents genetics, more genetic diversity
Asexual Reproduction
One parent, offspring exactly the same as parent genetically (clone), less genetic
diversity.
DNA
The genetic material in an organism. All the instructions for the organism.
(blueprint).
Double helix discovered by Watson & Crick.
DNA Structure
*Adenine
*Thymine
*Guanine
*Cytosine
Chromosome
Bases of DNA Adenine always with Thymine and Guanine always with Cytocine.
These form the steps of the double helix “ladder”
Strand of DNA (one chunk of the DNA)
Study of DNA and genes and Heredity
Genetics
Heredity
Mendel
Passing traits from one generation to the next.
Father of Genetics – Monk who studied pea plants and discovered rules about genetics
(dominant/recessive etc)
Name_________________________
Period _______
*Genetics
Test Study Guide*
Punnett square
Tool to predict traits of offspring (know how to use one of these.)
Probability
The chances that something will occur.
Recessive
Trait that can be in genes but be covered by dominant gene
Dominant
Trait that will show up
Allele
Different forms of a gene!
Gene
One section of DNA that has instructions for one trait (to make one protein)
Trait
Characteristic passed from parents to offspring
Mutation
A change in the genetic code.
codominance
Neither trait covers the other up
Multiple Allele
Gene that is has more than two forms
Blood type
This is a gene that controlled by 3 alleles, and has 4 blood types A, B, AB, and O
Sex linked traits
Color blindness
The gene is on the X chromosomes and therefore occurs more often in males than
females such as colorblindness
Sex linked trait
Genotype
What is in the genes
Phenotype
The trait that shows up. What we can see by looking at you.
X & Y Chromosomes
(male vs. female)
Pure bred (homozygous)
XX = female XY = male be sure you can do a Punnett Square for gender.
Hybrid (heterozygous)
Same as heterozygous
Pedigree Chart
Chart to show how traits go through from one generation to the next.
Carrier
Genetic Disorders
Someone who has a trait, but since it is recessive it is covered up. They are half
filled in on a pedigree chart.
Caused by genetic mutations
Down’s Syndrome
Caused by 3 #21 chromosomes
Same as homozygous
Name_________________________
Period _______
*Genetics
Test Study Guide*
Be able to do Punnett Square problems for example: take a heterozygous person with a widow’s peak (dominant
allele) with a person without a widow’s peak.
a. What is the percent probability of children with a widow’s peak?___________
b. What is the percent probability of children without a widow’s peak?___________
c. What is the percent probability of homozygous dominant genotype?_________
d. What is the percent probability of heterozygous genotype?_________
e. What is the percent probability of homozygous recessive genotype?__________
Do a Punnett Square when one parent has blood type AB and the other parent is heterozygous for type A blood.
f. What is the percent probability of children with type A blood?__________
g. What is the percent probability of children with type B blood?_____________
h. What is the percent probability of children with type AB blood?_________
i. What is the percent probability of children with type O blood?__________
j. What is the percent probability of homozygous recessive genotype?__________
Name_________________________
Period _______
*Genetics
Test Study Guide*
Draw a pedigree chart filling in as much as you can from the information. (Fill in half if you know it is at least
half.)
a. Arnold is married to Brenda. They have three kids (Charlie, Dora (the Explorer) and Elvis)
b. Charlie marries Gloria and they have two kids (Henry and Isaac).
c. Dora (the Explorer) never gets married because she is too busy exploring.
d. Elvis marries Pricilla and they have two kids. (Julie and Krista)
e. Krista has a condition that causes her nose to bleed when she tilts her head back too far. (We will
pretend this is a recessive genetic disorder.)
f. Brenda and Gloria also have this condition.
g. Please draw the pedigree chart and fill in all the information you can.