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BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 5 PAGES 198-208, 212-217 NAME: DAY / MOD: DATE: Standards: ____ Use Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance ____ Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance, including dominant, recessive, co-dominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles ____ Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health Essential Question: 1. I. Human Autosomal Disorders Autosome = chromosome pairs 1-22 which contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the _______ of the organism autosomal disorders occur can occur in any chromosomes except the _______ chromosomes Disorder Cause Effect Physical Effects 1. Albinism Lack of pigment in skin, Skin and eyes are extremely _______ , and eyes sensitive to ____________ 2. Cystic Fibrosis Excess mucus in _________ Respiratory and pulmonary and digestive tract problems 3. Galactosemia Inability to breakdown Mental retardation, eye and _____________ which _______ damage builds up in body 4. Tay-Sachs disease Lipid accumulation in brain Death early in childhood. cells 5. Huntington’s disease Progressive destruction of Destruction of muscles and muscles and nervous system. ________ until death occurs II. Unique Patterns of Inheritance Simple _________________ genetics predicts offspring and parents based on alleles that are only ___________ or ____________. The majority of organisms, however, are more __________ and show unique patterns of _________________. A. Incomplete Dominance = type of inheritance in which ____ allele is not completely ______________ over another the heterozygote is a ______________ between the two alleles (completely different heterozygote) e.g. flower color in 4o’clock plants B. Multiple Alleles = type of inheritance in which genes have more than ______ alleles within a __________________ each individual can have only _____ alleles e.g. ABO Blood System C. Codominance = type of inheritance in which both alleles contribute to the ________________ both alleles ______________ themselves, but not as a ___________ e.g. AB Blood Type, Checkered Chickens, Sickle Cell Anemia Range, A. Unit 4 Page 2E D. Polygenic Traits = type of inheritance in which _________ are controlled by more than ___ gene e.g. eye color, hair color, skin color E. Sex-Linked Genes = type of inheritance in which genes with particular __________ are located on the sex ___________________ (X or Y) males are _______ while females are ______ in males, any trait linked to the ____ chromosome will be _______________ even if they are recessive 1. Color-Blindness caused by a recessive __________ on the ___ chromosome 1 in 10 males have red-green colorblindness 1 in 100 females have red-green colorblindness e.g. 2. Hemophilia caused by a recessive ___________ on the ___ chromosome 1 in 10,000 males have the disease in this disease, blood clotting enzymes are __________ small bruises and cuts may cause excessive _____________ even into death e.g. III. Human Heredity A. Karyotype = a chart that shows all pairs of ________________ in order taken during ____________ when the chromosomes formed (during prophase) humans have ____ chromosomes that are organized into _____ pairs each pair has the same _________ of genes but may have different ____________ in each pair, one chromosome comes from _____ and one from _____ sex chromosomes = the _______ set of chromosomes that determines the __________ of the human _____ for males and _____ for females B. Chromosomal Disorders Nondisjunction = during meiosis, ________________ chromosomes fail to separate meaning gametes with too _______ or too ___________ chromosomes 1. Down’s Syndrome also known as _____________ 21 because there are ____ #21 chromosomes results in severe mental retardation 2. Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY) have an extra ____ chromosome prevents individuals from reproducing 3. Turner’s Syndrome (XO) have only ___ sex chromosome which is an ____ unable to develop sex organs at all STUDENT SYNTHESIS To demonstrate knowledge of the information contained within these notes, within the space below EITHER 1. Create two higher level test questions and answers based on the information OR 2. Write a comprehensive summary of the information Range, A. Unit 4 Page 2E