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Standard #: SC.912.L.14.52
This document was generated on CPALMS - www.cpalms.org
Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific
immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics.
Subject Area: Science
Grade: 912
Body of Knowledge: Life Science
Standard: Organization and Development of Living Organisms A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive.
B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and
homeostasis.
C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the biosphere.
D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect their
particular function.
Date Adopted or Revised: 02/08
Content Complexity Rating: Level 2: Basic Application of Skills & Concepts - More Information
Date of Last Rating: 05/08
Status: State Board Approved
Assessed: Yes
Remarks/Examples
Annually Assessed on Biology EOC. Also assesses SC.912.L.14.6; HE.912.C.1.7; and HE.912.C.1.5.
TEST ITEM SPECIFICATIONS
Reporting Category: Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems
Clarification :
Students will identify and/or explain the basic functions of the human immune system,
including specific and nonspecific immune responses.
Students will describe how the human immune system responds to vaccines and/or
antibiotics.
Students will explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and
pathogenic agents to health from the perspective of both individual and public health.
Content Limits :
Items assessing the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic
agents to health are limited to a conceptual understanding.
Stimulus Attributes :
Scenarios are limited to those commonly included in a biology course.
Response Attributes :
None specified
Prior Knowledge :
Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the NGSSS from
lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.6.L.14.6, SC.6.E.7.8,
SC.8.N.4.1, and SC.8.N.4.2.
SAMPLE TEST ITEMS (1)
Test
Question
Item #
Sample The p53 gene codes for the p53 protein that locates DNA errors for cellular repair. The
Item 1 diagram below shows the relationships among possible environmental influences, the p53
gene, and cancer.
Difficu
N/A
Which of the following statements best describes the relationships among possible
environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer?
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2000430:
7920015:
2002420:
2002430:
Course Title
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2015 and beyond (current))
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(current))
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2015 and beyond (current))
2000800:
2000315:
2000510:
Biology 1 Pre-International Baccalaureate (Specifically in versions:
2014 - 2015, 2015 and beyond (current))
Biology 1 for Credit Recovery (Specifically in versions: 2014 2015, 2015 and beyond (current))
Bioscience 2 Honors (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015
and beyond (current))
Related Resources
Video/Audio/Animation
Name
AIDS: Evolution of an
Epidemic
Description
This Howard Hughes Medical Institute Holiday Lecture Series
video includes 6, 60-minute lectures on the history of the AIDS
epidemic. The talk covers AIDS/HIV history in the United States
from the 1980's through 2007 (when the lecture was taped) and also
some basics on the biology of HIV and AIDS, including
transmission, viral replication and the human immune system. The
video offers a useful perspective on an example of the evolution of
scientific thinking and research, as researchers discuss the
development of scientific theories about HIV/AIDS as well as
treatments. Several related resources, such as animations and video
clips, can be found on the main page.
Tutorial
Name
Allergy Immune Response
B Lymphocytes
Cells vs. Virus: A Battle for
Health
Cytotoxic T Cells
Description
This tutorial will help you to understand how allergies develop.
Allergies are exaggerated immune responses caused by B cells
producing excess IgE antibodies. An allergen (food, dust) is a
foreign substance, which binds to the antibodies and triggers a
reaction that includes the production of histamine.
This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a very high level
of complexity.
This Khan Academy video describes B lymphocyte cells, and how
they are activated and produce antibodies within the immune
system.
All living things are made of cells. In the human body, these highly
efficient units are protected by layer upon layer of defense against
icky invaders like the cold virus. Shannon Stiles takes a journey
into the cell, introducing the microscopic arsenal of weapons and
warriors that play a role in the battle for your health.
This Khan Academy video explains how cytotoxic t cells get
activated by MHC-I antigen complexes and then proceed to kill
Cytotoxic T-Cell Activity
Against Target Cells
Helper T Cells
Phagocytosis
infected cells. This video addresses the concept at a high level of
complexity.
One of the functions of the T-Cells in the immune system is to
attack and destroy infected cells. Target cells are cells that have
been attacked by a virus. When the target cells have been taken
over by a virus and they do not have a good chance of surviving,
they trigger their own death. This action reduces the chance that
other nearby cells will become infected.
This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of
complexity.
This Khan Academy video discusses helper t cells in the immune
system. The role of helper t cells in activating b cells is
detailed. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high
level of complexity.
This tutorial will help you to understand the function of
phagocytes. Phagocytes are specialized cells that ingest and break
down foreign material including bacteria and viruses.
This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of
complexity.
Post Stroke Inflammation
Learn about post-stroke inflammation.
This Khan Academy video describes non specific immunity, and
Role of Phagocytosis in
the specific role of phagocytes. The tutorial explains how
Nonspecific Immunity
phagocytes engulf pathogens that enter the body as a line of
defense.
T-cells perform a wide variety of functions in the immune system.
T-Cell Dependent Antigens
In this tutorial you will understand the structure and function of the
T-cells.
This tutorial will help students understand how the immune system
of vertebrates is characterized by acquired responses that are highly
The Immune Response
specific to particular antigens. This system has the advantage of
having a cellular memory for previous infections.
This Khan Academy video contains an overview of the types of
immune responses in the body. The differences between
Types of Immune Responses
humoral adaptive immunity and cell mediated immunity are
discussed in detail.
A vaccine allows a person to develop acquired immunity against an
Vaccine and Active Immunity illness without actually getting the disease. This interactive tutorial
will help the learners to understand the process by which vaccines
work in the human body.
This short video describes the process of antibiotic resistance. Right
What Causes Antibiotic
now, you are inhabited by trillions of micro organisms. Many of
Resistance?
these bacteria are harmless (or even helpful!), but there are a few
strains of ‘super bacteria’ that are pretty nasty -- and they’re
growing resistant to our antibiotics. Why is this happening? Kevin
Wu details the evolution of this problem that presents a big
challenge for the future of medicine.
Lesson Plan
Name
Description
The lesson was developed to broaden students' understanding of the
immune system and its role in the human body. Students will do
investigations and apply vocabulary terms to real-world scenarios.
Back to the Basics: Immunity
Note that students will complete the 5E cycle twice over the course
and Response
of two days; please see the attached "Lesson Overview" document
for a chronological outline of each day.
This lesson introduces the basic forms of pathogens and how our
bodies prevent and fight infection from them. It goes more in depth
Cover Your Mouth! An
on the differences between active and passive immunity as well as
overview of disease spread
the differences in non specific and specific defenses. The students
and the immune system.
will actively role play the events of specific immunity as well as
evaluate methods of maintaining individual and public health.
A lesson designed to model how an infectious disease can be
Disease Transmission Lab
transmitted.
By Melvin Flores, Larie Laudato and Glenn Soltes
In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text intended
to support reading in the content area. The article discusses
new research conducted by Penn State scientists to determine how
the malaria parasite is evading the human immune system and
entering into red blood cells. The study revealed how the parasite is
Hijacking the Immune System
able to use the complement system to its own advantage rather than
being negatively affected by it. This lesson plan includes a notetaking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer
keys, and a writing rubric. Numerous options to extend the lesson
are also included.
Students will identify the major parts of the immune system,
Immune System
including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and
antibiotics.
With this lesson students will explore immune responses to a
Immune System Responses to
pathogen attack and/or a vaccine with a didactic, kinesthetic model
Pathogens and Vaccines
of the process.
Immune System-History of an Students will learn about the immune system and how disease can
Epidemic
affect personal and public health.
The lesson is design to explain the basic functions of the human
Infectious Diseases and the
immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune
Immune System
response, vaccines, and antibiotics. Primarily, it focuses on
infectious diseases and how the immune system defend the body
against infectious diseases. The lesson uses the 5E model as an
approach for students to become engage, analytical and inquisitive
in learning about infectious diseases and the immune system.
ResourceID: 28153
Non-specific and Specific
Immune System explained
The Three Lines of Defense!
When Good Bugs Go Bad
This lesson covers the information on the basic functions of the
human non-specific and specific immune response. It does not
cover the vaccines, health or antibiotics used as an approach to aid
the immune system.
There is vocabulary that goes as high as AP Biology. The lessons
are editable so you can change vocabulary if you would like to
bring the lesson down to lower levels. However, higher level
vocabulary is not too extraneous and I leave it for my 9th grade
Honors classes.
This lesson is a good introduction to the immune system. It will
give students the chance to have discussions with the teacher and
classmates as well. The teacher will also have a chance to quickly
assess the students' knowledge by using checkpoint questions
scattered throughout the PowerPoint presentation. After the lesson
is complete, the students will have a clear understanding of the
three lines of defense and nonspecific and specific immune
responses.
In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text that
addresses research into the fine balance between microbes and their
hosts. The text explains how a human's microbiota or microbiome
plays a very important role in the immune system. The text
describes how bacteria, or the lack of bacteria, play a role in the
immune system and keep autoimmune diseases at bay. This lesson
is designed to support reading in the content area. The lesson plan
includes a note-taking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing
prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric.
Text Resource
Name
Description
This informational text resource is intended to support reading in
the content area. This article describes the components of blood
Blood Does a Body Good
(red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma) including
their functions and origins, along with a novel medical application
for the rare blood-producing stem cells.
This informational text resource is intended to support reading in
the content area. This article explores how scientists discovered that
Body's Immune System Kills
the immune system naturally suppresses cancer while they were
Mutant Cells Daily
researching how B cells change during the growth of lymphoma.
The text explains how T cells work as an "immune surveillance"
and can be a way of preventing blood cancers. Through
experimentation, scientists discovered how vitally important those
cells are to possibly suppressing other forms of cancer in the future.
This informational text resource is intended to support reading in
the content area. Scientists have been making breakthroughs in
Deploying the Body's Army immunotherapy: the use of infectious pathogens as a method for
treating cancer. The infections heighten the response of the immune
system and eradicate the cancer in the process.
This informational text resource is intended to support reading in
the content area. The immune system's job is to defend against
pathogens and keep our bodies healthy. There are a number of cell
Immune System
types, tissues, and organs that play a role in the immune process.
The article discusses the three types of immunity: innate, adaptive,
and passive. Finally, the article discusses various immune system
disorders and diseases that are associated with each one.
This resource is intended to support reading in the content area.
Scientists have discovered that when they disrupt waking and
New Problem Linked to 'Jet
sleeping times in mice, their immune systems responded in a
Lag'
harmful way causing disease, asthma, allergies and maybe even
immune disorders.
This informational text resource is designed to support reading in
the content area. The article discusses the research conducted by
Researchers Make a Key
scientists to determine how the malaria parasite evades the human
Discovery in How Malaria
immune system and enters into red blood cells. It was determined
Evades the Immune System
the parasite is able to use the complement system to its own
advantage rather than being negatively affected by it.
This informational text resource is intended to support reading in
the content area. This article is about the swine flu. It explains
Swine Flu Goes Global
where and how the virus originated, what countries it can be found
in, facts about the virus, and whether a vaccine might be developed.
This informational text resource is intended to support reading in
the content area. The text explains the importance and function of
The Human Immune System
the human immune system with a detailed discussion of nonand Infectious Disease
specific versus specific immunity. The text features an embedded
animated component showing how vaccines work.
This informational text resource is intended to support reading in
the content area. The text describes current research being
conducted on microbiota and the immune system. The text
describes how bacteria, or the lack of bacteria, play a role in the
The Microbiome: When Good
immune system and keep autoimmune diseases at bay. There is
Bugs Go Bad
currently a spike in autoimmune diseases like Crohn's disease and
psoriasis that occur primarily in developed countries. This research
emphasizes how important our symbiotic relationship is with
bacteria.
This informational text resource is intended to support reading in
Vaccines
the content area. This text explains how the immune system works
World Cup Raises Epidemic
Questions
and how vaccines, by mimicking natural infections, capitalize on
the functions of the immune system.
This informational text resource is intended to support reading in
the content area. Tropical areas such as Brazil can be hotspots for
communicable diseases due to warm temperatures and crowded
urban spaces. There is a concern that when Brazil hosts the World
Cup, mosquito-borne dengue fever may spread to its visitors. The
article explores methods of pathogen transfer in a variety of venues
(pilgrimages, airplanes, cruise lines) and compares these to
conditions at the World Cup.
Virtual Manipulative
Name
Signal Transduction
The Immune System Game
Description
This interactive virtual manipulative will help the students in
understanding how the wide variety of cell types work together to
sustain the life of an organism. In this animation students will
observe the complex biochemical process of how cells respond to
their environment and communicate with each other in a process
called signal transduction.
In this game, you are a trainee soldier of the Immune System
Defense Forces, defending a human against bacterial infection. You
have two missions to complete. In this first, you must command a
team of white blood cells called granulocytes to fight against
bacteria invading the blood system through a finger wound. In the
second mission, you must commond an army of macrophages and
dendritic cells to fight the invading bacteria.
Original Tutorial
Name
The Immune System: Your
Body’s Private Defense
System
Description
By the end of this tutorial you should be able to identify the basic
functions of the immune system. You will also be able to
distinguish between nonspecific and specific immune responses.
Student Resources
Name
Allergy Immune
Response
Description
This tutorial will help you to understand how allergies develop. Allergies
are exaggerated immune responses caused by B cells producing excess IgE
antibodies. An allergen (food, dust) is a foreign substance, which binds to
the antibodies and triggers a reaction that includes the production of
histamine.
B Lymphocytes
Cells vs. Virus: A
Battle for Health
Cytotoxic T Cells
Cytotoxic T-Cell
Activity Against
Target Cells
Helper T Cells
Phagocytosis
This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a very high level of
complexity.
This Khan Academy video describes B lymphocyte cells, and how they are
activated and produce antibodies within the immune system.
All living things are made of cells. In the human body, these highly
efficient units are protected by layer upon layer of defense against icky
invaders like the cold virus. Shannon Stiles takes a journey into the cell,
introducing the microscopic arsenal of weapons and warriors that play a
role in the battle for your health.
This Khan Academy video explains how cytotoxic t cells get activated by
MHC-I antigen complexes and then proceed to kill infected cells. This
video addresses the concept at a high level of complexity.
One of the functions of the T-Cells in the immune system is to attack and
destroy infected cells. Target cells are cells that have been attacked by a
virus. When the target cells have been taken over by a virus and they do not
have a good chance of surviving, they trigger their own death. This action
reduces the chance that other nearby cells will become infected.
This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of
complexity.
This Khan Academy video discusses helper t cells in the immune
system. The role of helper t cells in activating b cells is detailed. This
challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity.
This tutorial will help you to understand the function of phagocytes.
Phagocytes are specialized cells that ingest and break down foreign
material including bacteria and viruses.
This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of
complexity.
Post Stroke
Inflammation
Role of Phagocytosis
in Nonspecific
Immunity
Signal Transduction
T-Cell Dependent
Antigens
The Immune
Response
Learn about post-stroke inflammation.
This Khan Academy video describes non specific immunity, and the
specific role of phagocytes. The tutorial explains how phagocytes engulf
pathogens that enter the body as a line of defense.
This interactive virtual manipulative will help the students in understanding
how the wide variety of cell types work together to sustain the life of an
organism. In this animation students will observe the complex biochemical
process of how cells respond to their environment and communicate with
each other in a process called signal transduction.
T-cells perform a wide variety of functions in the immune system. In this
tutorial you will understand the structure and function of the T-cells.
This tutorial will help students understand how the immune system of
vertebrates is characterized by acquired responses that are highly specific
to particular antigens. This system has the advantage of having a cellular
memory for previous infections.
In this game, you are a trainee soldier of the Immune System Defense
Forces, defending a human against bacterial infection. You have two
The Immune System missions to complete. In this first, you must command a team of white
Game
blood cells called granulocytes to fight against bacteria invading the blood
system through a finger wound. In the second mission, you must commond
an army of macrophages and dendritic cells to fight the invading bacteria.
By the end of this tutorial you should be able to identify the basic functions
The Immune System: of the immune system. You will also be able to distinguish between
Your Body’s Private nonspecific and specific immune responses.
Defense System
Types of Immune
Responses
This Khan Academy video contains an overview of the types of immune
responses in the body. The differences between humoral adaptive
immunity and cell mediated immunity are discussed in detail.
A vaccine allows a person to develop acquired immunity against an illness
without actually getting the disease. This interactive tutorial will help the
learners to understand the process by which vaccines work in the human
body.
This short video describes the process of antibiotic resistance. Right now,
you are inhabited by trillions of micro organisms. Many of these bacteria
What Causes
are harmless (or even helpful!), but there are a few strains of ‘super
Antibiotic Resistance? bacteria’ that are pretty nasty -- and they’re growing resistant to our
antibiotics. Why is this happening? Kevin Wu details the evolution of this
problem that presents a big challenge for the future of medicine.
Vaccine and Active
Immunity
Parent Resources
Name
Signal Transduction
The Immune System
Game
Description
This interactive virtual manipulative will help the students in understanding
how the wide variety of cell types work together to sustain the life of an
organism. In this animation students will observe the complex biochemical
process of how cells respond to their environment and communicate with
each other in a process called signal transduction.
In this game, you are a trainee soldier of the Immune System Defense
Forces, defending a human against bacterial infection. You have two
missions to complete. In this first, you must command a team of white
blood cells called granulocytes to fight against bacteria invading the blood
system through a finger wound. In the second mission, you must commond
an army of macrophages and dendritic cells to fight the invading bacteria.