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Standard #: SC.912.L.14.52 This document was generated on CPALMS - www.cpalms.org Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. Subject Area: Science Grade: 912 Body of Knowledge: Life Science Standard: Organization and Development of Living Organisms A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive. B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and homeostasis. C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the biosphere. D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect their particular function. Date Adopted or Revised: 02/08 Content Complexity Rating: Level 2: Basic Application of Skills & Concepts - More Information Date of Last Rating: 05/08 Status: State Board Approved Assessed: Yes Remarks/Examples Annually Assessed on Biology EOC. Also assesses SC.912.L.14.6; HE.912.C.1.7; and HE.912.C.1.5. TEST ITEM SPECIFICATIONS Reporting Category: Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems Clarification : Students will identify and/or explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses. Students will describe how the human immune system responds to vaccines and/or antibiotics. Students will explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspective of both individual and public health. Content Limits : Items assessing the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health are limited to a conceptual understanding. Stimulus Attributes : Scenarios are limited to those commonly included in a biology course. Response Attributes : None specified Prior Knowledge : Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the NGSSS from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.6.L.14.6, SC.6.E.7.8, SC.8.N.4.1, and SC.8.N.4.2. SAMPLE TEST ITEMS (1) Test Question Item # Sample The p53 gene codes for the p53 protein that locates DNA errors for cellular repair. The Item 1 diagram below shows the relationships among possible environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer. Difficu N/A Which of the following statements best describes the relationships among possible environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer? 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The talk covers AIDS/HIV history in the United States from the 1980's through 2007 (when the lecture was taped) and also some basics on the biology of HIV and AIDS, including transmission, viral replication and the human immune system. The video offers a useful perspective on an example of the evolution of scientific thinking and research, as researchers discuss the development of scientific theories about HIV/AIDS as well as treatments. Several related resources, such as animations and video clips, can be found on the main page. Tutorial Name Allergy Immune Response B Lymphocytes Cells vs. Virus: A Battle for Health Cytotoxic T Cells Description This tutorial will help you to understand how allergies develop. Allergies are exaggerated immune responses caused by B cells producing excess IgE antibodies. An allergen (food, dust) is a foreign substance, which binds to the antibodies and triggers a reaction that includes the production of histamine. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a very high level of complexity. This Khan Academy video describes B lymphocyte cells, and how they are activated and produce antibodies within the immune system. All living things are made of cells. In the human body, these highly efficient units are protected by layer upon layer of defense against icky invaders like the cold virus. Shannon Stiles takes a journey into the cell, introducing the microscopic arsenal of weapons and warriors that play a role in the battle for your health. This Khan Academy video explains how cytotoxic t cells get activated by MHC-I antigen complexes and then proceed to kill Cytotoxic T-Cell Activity Against Target Cells Helper T Cells Phagocytosis infected cells. This video addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. One of the functions of the T-Cells in the immune system is to attack and destroy infected cells. Target cells are cells that have been attacked by a virus. When the target cells have been taken over by a virus and they do not have a good chance of surviving, they trigger their own death. This action reduces the chance that other nearby cells will become infected. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. This Khan Academy video discusses helper t cells in the immune system. The role of helper t cells in activating b cells is detailed. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. This tutorial will help you to understand the function of phagocytes. Phagocytes are specialized cells that ingest and break down foreign material including bacteria and viruses. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. Post Stroke Inflammation Learn about post-stroke inflammation. This Khan Academy video describes non specific immunity, and Role of Phagocytosis in the specific role of phagocytes. The tutorial explains how Nonspecific Immunity phagocytes engulf pathogens that enter the body as a line of defense. T-cells perform a wide variety of functions in the immune system. T-Cell Dependent Antigens In this tutorial you will understand the structure and function of the T-cells. This tutorial will help students understand how the immune system of vertebrates is characterized by acquired responses that are highly The Immune Response specific to particular antigens. This system has the advantage of having a cellular memory for previous infections. This Khan Academy video contains an overview of the types of immune responses in the body. The differences between Types of Immune Responses humoral adaptive immunity and cell mediated immunity are discussed in detail. A vaccine allows a person to develop acquired immunity against an Vaccine and Active Immunity illness without actually getting the disease. This interactive tutorial will help the learners to understand the process by which vaccines work in the human body. This short video describes the process of antibiotic resistance. Right What Causes Antibiotic now, you are inhabited by trillions of micro organisms. Many of Resistance? these bacteria are harmless (or even helpful!), but there are a few strains of ‘super bacteria’ that are pretty nasty -- and they’re growing resistant to our antibiotics. Why is this happening? Kevin Wu details the evolution of this problem that presents a big challenge for the future of medicine. Lesson Plan Name Description The lesson was developed to broaden students' understanding of the immune system and its role in the human body. Students will do investigations and apply vocabulary terms to real-world scenarios. Back to the Basics: Immunity Note that students will complete the 5E cycle twice over the course and Response of two days; please see the attached "Lesson Overview" document for a chronological outline of each day. This lesson introduces the basic forms of pathogens and how our bodies prevent and fight infection from them. It goes more in depth Cover Your Mouth! An on the differences between active and passive immunity as well as overview of disease spread the differences in non specific and specific defenses. The students and the immune system. will actively role play the events of specific immunity as well as evaluate methods of maintaining individual and public health. A lesson designed to model how an infectious disease can be Disease Transmission Lab transmitted. By Melvin Flores, Larie Laudato and Glenn Soltes In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text intended to support reading in the content area. The article discusses new research conducted by Penn State scientists to determine how the malaria parasite is evading the human immune system and entering into red blood cells. The study revealed how the parasite is Hijacking the Immune System able to use the complement system to its own advantage rather than being negatively affected by it. This lesson plan includes a notetaking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. Numerous options to extend the lesson are also included. Students will identify the major parts of the immune system, Immune System including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. With this lesson students will explore immune responses to a Immune System Responses to pathogen attack and/or a vaccine with a didactic, kinesthetic model Pathogens and Vaccines of the process. Immune System-History of an Students will learn about the immune system and how disease can Epidemic affect personal and public health. The lesson is design to explain the basic functions of the human Infectious Diseases and the immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune Immune System response, vaccines, and antibiotics. Primarily, it focuses on infectious diseases and how the immune system defend the body against infectious diseases. The lesson uses the 5E model as an approach for students to become engage, analytical and inquisitive in learning about infectious diseases and the immune system. ResourceID: 28153 Non-specific and Specific Immune System explained The Three Lines of Defense! When Good Bugs Go Bad This lesson covers the information on the basic functions of the human non-specific and specific immune response. It does not cover the vaccines, health or antibiotics used as an approach to aid the immune system. There is vocabulary that goes as high as AP Biology. The lessons are editable so you can change vocabulary if you would like to bring the lesson down to lower levels. However, higher level vocabulary is not too extraneous and I leave it for my 9th grade Honors classes. This lesson is a good introduction to the immune system. It will give students the chance to have discussions with the teacher and classmates as well. The teacher will also have a chance to quickly assess the students' knowledge by using checkpoint questions scattered throughout the PowerPoint presentation. After the lesson is complete, the students will have a clear understanding of the three lines of defense and nonspecific and specific immune responses. In this lesson, students will analyze an informational text that addresses research into the fine balance between microbes and their hosts. The text explains how a human's microbiota or microbiome plays a very important role in the immune system. The text describes how bacteria, or the lack of bacteria, play a role in the immune system and keep autoimmune diseases at bay. This lesson is designed to support reading in the content area. The lesson plan includes a note-taking guide, text-dependent questions, a writing prompt, answer keys, and a writing rubric. Text Resource Name Description This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. This article describes the components of blood Blood Does a Body Good (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma) including their functions and origins, along with a novel medical application for the rare blood-producing stem cells. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. This article explores how scientists discovered that Body's Immune System Kills the immune system naturally suppresses cancer while they were Mutant Cells Daily researching how B cells change during the growth of lymphoma. The text explains how T cells work as an "immune surveillance" and can be a way of preventing blood cancers. Through experimentation, scientists discovered how vitally important those cells are to possibly suppressing other forms of cancer in the future. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. Scientists have been making breakthroughs in Deploying the Body's Army immunotherapy: the use of infectious pathogens as a method for treating cancer. The infections heighten the response of the immune system and eradicate the cancer in the process. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The immune system's job is to defend against pathogens and keep our bodies healthy. There are a number of cell Immune System types, tissues, and organs that play a role in the immune process. The article discusses the three types of immunity: innate, adaptive, and passive. Finally, the article discusses various immune system disorders and diseases that are associated with each one. This resource is intended to support reading in the content area. Scientists have discovered that when they disrupt waking and New Problem Linked to 'Jet sleeping times in mice, their immune systems responded in a Lag' harmful way causing disease, asthma, allergies and maybe even immune disorders. This informational text resource is designed to support reading in the content area. The article discusses the research conducted by Researchers Make a Key scientists to determine how the malaria parasite evades the human Discovery in How Malaria immune system and enters into red blood cells. It was determined Evades the Immune System the parasite is able to use the complement system to its own advantage rather than being negatively affected by it. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. This article is about the swine flu. It explains Swine Flu Goes Global where and how the virus originated, what countries it can be found in, facts about the virus, and whether a vaccine might be developed. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The text explains the importance and function of The Human Immune System the human immune system with a detailed discussion of nonand Infectious Disease specific versus specific immunity. The text features an embedded animated component showing how vaccines work. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. The text describes current research being conducted on microbiota and the immune system. The text describes how bacteria, or the lack of bacteria, play a role in the The Microbiome: When Good immune system and keep autoimmune diseases at bay. There is Bugs Go Bad currently a spike in autoimmune diseases like Crohn's disease and psoriasis that occur primarily in developed countries. This research emphasizes how important our symbiotic relationship is with bacteria. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in Vaccines the content area. This text explains how the immune system works World Cup Raises Epidemic Questions and how vaccines, by mimicking natural infections, capitalize on the functions of the immune system. This informational text resource is intended to support reading in the content area. Tropical areas such as Brazil can be hotspots for communicable diseases due to warm temperatures and crowded urban spaces. There is a concern that when Brazil hosts the World Cup, mosquito-borne dengue fever may spread to its visitors. The article explores methods of pathogen transfer in a variety of venues (pilgrimages, airplanes, cruise lines) and compares these to conditions at the World Cup. Virtual Manipulative Name Signal Transduction The Immune System Game Description This interactive virtual manipulative will help the students in understanding how the wide variety of cell types work together to sustain the life of an organism. In this animation students will observe the complex biochemical process of how cells respond to their environment and communicate with each other in a process called signal transduction. In this game, you are a trainee soldier of the Immune System Defense Forces, defending a human against bacterial infection. You have two missions to complete. In this first, you must command a team of white blood cells called granulocytes to fight against bacteria invading the blood system through a finger wound. In the second mission, you must commond an army of macrophages and dendritic cells to fight the invading bacteria. Original Tutorial Name The Immune System: Your Body’s Private Defense System Description By the end of this tutorial you should be able to identify the basic functions of the immune system. You will also be able to distinguish between nonspecific and specific immune responses. Student Resources Name Allergy Immune Response Description This tutorial will help you to understand how allergies develop. Allergies are exaggerated immune responses caused by B cells producing excess IgE antibodies. An allergen (food, dust) is a foreign substance, which binds to the antibodies and triggers a reaction that includes the production of histamine. B Lymphocytes Cells vs. Virus: A Battle for Health Cytotoxic T Cells Cytotoxic T-Cell Activity Against Target Cells Helper T Cells Phagocytosis This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a very high level of complexity. This Khan Academy video describes B lymphocyte cells, and how they are activated and produce antibodies within the immune system. All living things are made of cells. In the human body, these highly efficient units are protected by layer upon layer of defense against icky invaders like the cold virus. Shannon Stiles takes a journey into the cell, introducing the microscopic arsenal of weapons and warriors that play a role in the battle for your health. This Khan Academy video explains how cytotoxic t cells get activated by MHC-I antigen complexes and then proceed to kill infected cells. This video addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. One of the functions of the T-Cells in the immune system is to attack and destroy infected cells. Target cells are cells that have been attacked by a virus. When the target cells have been taken over by a virus and they do not have a good chance of surviving, they trigger their own death. This action reduces the chance that other nearby cells will become infected. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. This Khan Academy video discusses helper t cells in the immune system. The role of helper t cells in activating b cells is detailed. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. This tutorial will help you to understand the function of phagocytes. Phagocytes are specialized cells that ingest and break down foreign material including bacteria and viruses. This challenging tutorial addresses the concept at a high level of complexity. Post Stroke Inflammation Role of Phagocytosis in Nonspecific Immunity Signal Transduction T-Cell Dependent Antigens The Immune Response Learn about post-stroke inflammation. This Khan Academy video describes non specific immunity, and the specific role of phagocytes. The tutorial explains how phagocytes engulf pathogens that enter the body as a line of defense. This interactive virtual manipulative will help the students in understanding how the wide variety of cell types work together to sustain the life of an organism. In this animation students will observe the complex biochemical process of how cells respond to their environment and communicate with each other in a process called signal transduction. T-cells perform a wide variety of functions in the immune system. In this tutorial you will understand the structure and function of the T-cells. This tutorial will help students understand how the immune system of vertebrates is characterized by acquired responses that are highly specific to particular antigens. This system has the advantage of having a cellular memory for previous infections. In this game, you are a trainee soldier of the Immune System Defense Forces, defending a human against bacterial infection. You have two The Immune System missions to complete. In this first, you must command a team of white Game blood cells called granulocytes to fight against bacteria invading the blood system through a finger wound. In the second mission, you must commond an army of macrophages and dendritic cells to fight the invading bacteria. By the end of this tutorial you should be able to identify the basic functions The Immune System: of the immune system. You will also be able to distinguish between Your Body’s Private nonspecific and specific immune responses. Defense System Types of Immune Responses This Khan Academy video contains an overview of the types of immune responses in the body. The differences between humoral adaptive immunity and cell mediated immunity are discussed in detail. A vaccine allows a person to develop acquired immunity against an illness without actually getting the disease. This interactive tutorial will help the learners to understand the process by which vaccines work in the human body. This short video describes the process of antibiotic resistance. Right now, you are inhabited by trillions of micro organisms. Many of these bacteria What Causes are harmless (or even helpful!), but there are a few strains of ‘super Antibiotic Resistance? bacteria’ that are pretty nasty -- and they’re growing resistant to our antibiotics. Why is this happening? Kevin Wu details the evolution of this problem that presents a big challenge for the future of medicine. Vaccine and Active Immunity Parent Resources Name Signal Transduction The Immune System Game Description This interactive virtual manipulative will help the students in understanding how the wide variety of cell types work together to sustain the life of an organism. In this animation students will observe the complex biochemical process of how cells respond to their environment and communicate with each other in a process called signal transduction. In this game, you are a trainee soldier of the Immune System Defense Forces, defending a human against bacterial infection. You have two missions to complete. In this first, you must command a team of white blood cells called granulocytes to fight against bacteria invading the blood system through a finger wound. In the second mission, you must commond an army of macrophages and dendritic cells to fight the invading bacteria.