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AP Biology Semester 2 Final Concepts Review Sheet GENERAL CONCEPTS Plants Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Animal Evolution and Diversity Body Systems AP Biology PC 5/15/14 Evolution – major distinguishing characteristics and examples of bryophytes, pterophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms Adaptations to life on land – availability of resources, structural support, water conservation, and water transport Reproductive adaptations – alternation of generations, flower parts and function (male vs. female), significance of double fertilization and endosperm Early plant development – advantages of fruit, dormancy, seeds Structure/Function adaptations for roots, stems, leaves; leaf anatomy Function of dermal, ground, and vascular tissue; xylem, phloem components Monocots vs. dicots – differences in embryo structure, leaves, vascular tissue, roots Plant growth – apical (root, shoot; primary growth) and lateral (vascular cambium; secondary growth) Water transport in xylem – role of root hairs in absorption, Casparian strip, evaporation – tension – cohesion model; transpiration, guard cells (and how they close and open), water potential, symplast versus apoplast pathways Translocation in phloem – pressure-flow hypothesis, role of active transport and osmosis in loading at source and unloading at sink cells Tropisms – to light (where is auxin?); to gravity (how does plant grow?); to touch Phytochrome regulation of seed germination; red vs. far-red light; phytochrome switch Photoperiodism and control of flowering; short-day vs. long-day palnts Redox reactions – LEO, GER; where do electrons originate, what pulls them away Light- Dependent Reactions – location, purpose; role of chlorophyll, water and photosystems; how is ATP/NADPH produced; reason for noncyclic vs. cyclic electron flow Calvin Cycle – location, purpose, dependence on light reactions, significance of Rubisco C3 vs. C4 vs. CAM plants – role of PEP carboxylase, spatial vs. temporal separation of carbon fixation and Calvin cycle, how evolutionary adaptations limit photorespiration? Connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration Glycolysis – location, purpose, reactants/products; ATP and NADH yield Fermentation – location, purpose, alcoholic vs. lactic acid, regeneration of NAD+ Pyruvate Oxidation/Citric Acid Cycle – location, purpose, net yield of ATP, NADH, FADH2 ETC/Oxidative Phosphorylation – location, purpose; significance of ETC, H+ ions, chemiosmotic gradient, and ATP synthase in ATP production; final electron acceptor? Dynamic Homeostasis; negative versus positive feedback; structure/function relationships asymmetrical vs. radial vs. Bilateral symmetry Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm (what arises from each layer?) Regulators vs. conformers, temperature regulation Digestion – mammalian anatomy, role of each organ/gland; mechanical, chemical, enzymatic digestion; structure/function of SI; glucose regulation via insulin/glucagon, hormonal regulation of digestion, types of digestive systems Circulation – evolution (2-4 chamber); blood flow through and anatomy of mammalian heart; cardiac cycle, SA/AV nodes; blood vessels; blood composition; atherosclerosis, types of circulatory systems, blood pressure Respiration – gills vs. tracheae vs. lungs, mammalian anatomy, pressure differences during breathing and gas partial pressure gradients, O2 and CO2 transport in blood, countercurrent exchange, bird respiration, hemoglobin binding curves Immunity – nonspecific defenses; humoral vs. cell-mediated responses; role of B cells, TH cells, cytotoxic (TC) cells; antibody- antigen recognition and specificity; autoimmunity; HIV/AIDS, ELISA test Excretion – advantages/disadvantages of different forms of nitrogenous waste; mammalian excretory anatomy; secretion, reabsorption of ions and compounds; composition of filtrate in different parts of the nephron; control via ADH, aldosterone, osmolarity Population Genetics and Chi-squared Analysis AP Biology PC 5/15/14 Nervous – structure/function of neuron; resting potential, threshold, action potential; role of Na+/K+ ions and Na+/K+ pump; synapse, when and how neurotransmitters are released, how neurotransmitters are recycled/destroyed after signal is sent; central vs. peripheral Reproduction – advantages of asexual vs. sexual, internal vs. external; mammalian anatomy; gametogenesis; function of reproductive hormones in males and females; reason for and effects of fluctuation of estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH in menstrual cycle Development – fertilization, cleavage, germ layers in gastrulation, fetus, neurulation, HCG Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genotype versus allelic frequencies, equations Chi-squared analysis—observed versus expected, how to calculate